feat: rebuild Vulkan renderer from scratch — pure P/Invoke triangle (Vulkan 1.3)

- Complete rewrite of Engine.Graphics.Vulkan with pure P/Invoke (no wrapper libs)
- Vulkan 1.3: dynamic rendering (vkCmdBeginRendering/vkCmdEndRendering),
  synchronization2 (vkQueueSubmit2, vkCmdPipelineBarrier2)
- Split types into VulkanHandles.cs, VulkanEnums.cs, VulkanStructs.cs
- Staging buffer → device-local vertex buffer pattern
- Correct swapchain semaphore indexing (per-image, not per-frame-in-flight)
- VK_EXT_debug_utils debug messenger with validation layer fallback
- Dynamic viewport/scissor (no pipeline recreation on resize)
- Simplified Program.cs to triangle-only rendering
- Removed old Silk.NET renderer, ImGui, PBR shaders, screenshot code
- Updated VULKAN_IMPLEMENTATION_PLAN.md with full architecture decisions

VULKAN_IMPLEMENTATION_PLAN.md

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 - **Engine.Core** — Sdl3Window (SDL3, Vulkan surface ready), IWindow, IInputState, Key enum, InputMapping,
   camera controllers (FreeFly, Orbit), components (Transform, Mesh, Material, Light, Camera, RigidBody),
   Vertex struct (Position, Color, Normal — 9 floats), Timing, IScreenshotProvider
+- **Engine.Graphics** — Restored minimal interfaces: IRenderContext, IRenderer, RenderBackendFactory,
+  IScreenshotProvider, SceneSerializer, MeshMath, ProceduralMesh, Loaders/ObjLoader
 - **Engine.Physics** — JoltPhysicsSharp 2.21.0, PhysicsWorld wrapper, RigidBody component
 - **Engine.AI** — AiCommandProcessor (7 commands), MCP HTTP + stdio servers, AiCommandQueue
 - **CortexEngine.App** — main loop (broken, references deleted graphics projects)
@@ -13,245 +15,715 @@
 - **Content/** — cube.obj, torusknot.obj, checker.png
 
 ### What Was Deleted
-- Engine.Graphics (interfaces + loaders + factory)
 - Engine.Graphics.Raylib
 - Engine.Graphics.OpenTK
-- Engine.Graphics.Vulkan (Silk.NET version)
+- Engine.Graphics.Vulkan (Silk.NET version — all previous PBR/ImGui/mesh/screenshot code gone)
 
 ### Environment
-- .NET 9 SDK at $HOME/.dotnet
+- .NET 9 SDK at `$HOME/.dotnet`
 - Vulkan 1.4.329, NVIDIA RTX 2080 Ti, validation layers available
 - SDL3 (ppy.SDL3-CS 2026.520.0) — window + Vulkan surface
-- glslangValidator NOT installed (need: sudo apt install glslang-tools)
+- glslangValidator: check availability (`glslangValidator --version`); fallback: `glslc`
-- Linux (X11), cross-platform target (Windows: vulkan-1.dll, Linux: libvulkan.so.1)
+- Linux (X11), cross-platform target (Windows: `vulkan-1.dll`, Linux: `libvulkan.so.1`)
 
-### Key Architecture Decisions
+---
-- NO wrapper libraries (no Silk.NET, no Vortice, no OpenTK for Vulkan)
-- Pure P/Invoke to libvulkan.so.1 / vulkan-1.dll
-- SDL3 for windowing (Sdl3Window already works, creates Vulkan surface)
-- ImGui planned (later phase)
-- Shadow mapping planned (Vulkan gives full control)
-- Validation layers for debugging
 
-## Implementation Plan
+## Key Architecture Decisions
 
-### Phase 1: Restore Engine.Graphics (interfaces + loaders)
+| Decision | Choice | Rationale |
+|---|---|---|
+| Vulkan version | **1.3** | Dynamic rendering (no VkRenderPass/VkFramebuffer), synchronization2, extended dynamic state. All modern GPUs (2022+) support it. |
+| Wrapper libraries | **None** | Pure P/Invoke to `libvulkan.so.1` / `vulkan-1.dll`. No Silk.NET, Vortice, OpenTK. |
+| Windowing | **SDL3** (ppy.SDL3-CS) | Already integrated, Vulkan surface support built in. |
+| Type organisation | **Multiple files** | `VulkanHandles.cs`, `VulkanEnums.cs`, `VulkanStructs.cs` — easier to maintain. |
+| Debug | **Full debug messenger** | `VK_EXT_debug_utils` with callback printing validation messages to console (Debug only). |
+| Memory | **Staging buffer from start** | Staging buffer (HOST_VISIBLE) → command buffer copy → device-local vertex buffer. Correct pattern from day one. |
+| Frame loop | **Re-record every frame** | Vulkan Guide recommends fresh command buffers per frame over reuse. Simpler, no cache invalidation logic. |
+| Semaphore indexing | **Per-swapchain-image for submit** | Critical: submit semaphores indexed by swapchain image index, NOT frame-in-flight index. (Vulkan Guide §swapchain_semaphore_reuse) |
+| Render pass | **Dynamic rendering** | `vkCmdBeginRendering` / `vkCmdEndRendering` (Vulkan 1.3). No VkRenderPass or VkFramebuffer objects. |
+| Synchronisation API | **synchronization2** | `VkImageMemoryBarrier2`, `vkCmdPipelineBarrier2` — cleaner, 64-bit flags. (Vulkan 1.3) |
 
-Create `src/Engine.Graphics/` with:
+---
-- `IRenderContext.cs` — interface: Window, CreateRenderer(), Resize(), Dispose
-- `IRenderer.cs` — interface: RenderWorld(World), RequestScreenshot, IsScreenshotRequested, ScreenshotProvider, Dispose  
-- `RenderBackendFactory.cs` — static registry: Register(name, factory), Create(name, w, h, validation)
-- `IScreenshotProvider.cs` already in Engine.Core
-- `Loaders/ObjLoader.cs` — parse .obj files → Mesh component
-- `Loaders/GltfLoader.cs` — parse .gltf/.glb → Mesh component
-- `MeshMath.cs` — ComputeFaceNormal(a, b, c)
-- `ProceduralMesh.cs` — CreateSphere(), CreateGrid()
-- `SceneSerializer.cs` — save/load ECS world to JSON
 
-csproj: references Engine.Core, Flecs.NET, SharpGLTF.Core
+## Implementation Phases
 
-### Phase 2: Vulkan P/Invoke Layer
+### Phase 1: Vulkan P/Invoke Foundation
 
-Create `src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/` with:
+Create `src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/` with the following files:
-- `VulkanNative.cs` — all P/Invoke declarations:
-  - Library loading: `const string VulkanLib = OperatingSystem.IsWindows() ? "vulkan-1.dll" : "libvulkan.so.1"`
-  - ~80 Vulkan functions (vkCreateInstance through vkQueuePresentKHR)
-  - ~50 structs (InstanceCreateInfo, DeviceCreateInfo, SwapchainCreateInfoKHR, etc.)
-  - ~20 enums (Result, Format, ImageLayout, PipelineStageFlags, etc.)
-  - Extension function loading via vkGetInstanceProcAddr/vkGetDeviceProcAddr
-  - SDL_Vulkan_CreateSurface via SDL3 (already in Sdl3Window)
 
-- `VulkanContext.cs` — Instance + PhysicalDevice + Device + Queues + Surface:
+#### 1.1 `VulkanNative.cs`
-  - CreateInstance with SDL3 extensions + validation layers
+- Load `libvulkan.so.1` (Linux) / `vulkan-1.dll` (Windows) via `NativeLibrary.Load()`
-  - PickPhysicalDevice (prefer discrete GPU)
+- Export `vkGetInstanceProcAddr` delegate — the only directly-loaded function
-  - CreateLogicalDevice with VK_KHR_swapchain
+- Helper: `GetExport<T>(string name)` for static exports
-  - CreateSurface via SDL_Vulkan_CreateSurface
+- Helper: `ToUtf8Terminated(string)` for passing string names to Vulkan
-  - Get graphics + present queues
 
-- `VulkanSwapchain.cs` — Swapchain + image views + depth + render pass + framebuffers:
+#### 1.2 `VulkanHandles.cs`
-  - Query surface capabilities
+Opaque pointer handles (all are `nint` / `ulong`):
-  - Create swapchain (format, extent, present mode)
+```
-  - Create image views
+VkInstance, VkPhysicalDevice, VkDevice, VkQueue,
-  - Create depth image + view (D32_SFLOAT)
+VkCommandPool, VkCommandBuffer,
-  - Create render pass (color + depth attachments)
+VkSwapchainKHR, VkSurfaceKHR,
-  - Create framebuffers
+VkImage, VkImageView,
+VkBuffer, VkDeviceMemory,
+VkShaderModule, VkPipelineLayout, VkPipeline,
+VkSemaphore, VkFence,
+VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT,
+VkDescriptorSetLayout, VkDescriptorPool, VkDescriptorSet
+```
+Each defined as `struct VkXxx { public nint Handle; }` or `using VkXxx = System.IntPtr;`
 
-- `VulkanPipeline.cs` — Graphics pipeline:
+#### 1.3 `VulkanEnums.cs`
-  - Load SPIR-V shader modules (vertex + fragment)
+All enums needed for triangle + future expansion:
-  - Vertex input description (Position vec3, Normal vec3, Color vec4)
+- `VkResult` — Success=0, NotReady, Timeout, Incomplete, ErrorOutOfDateKHR, SuboptimalKHR, ErrorSurfaceLostKHR, ...
-  - Descriptor set layouts (frame UBO + texture sampler)
+- `VkStructureType` — ApplicationInfo=0, InstanceCreateInfo=1, DeviceQueueCreateInfo=2, DeviceCreateInfo=3, ...
-  - Pipeline layout + graphics pipeline
+- `VkFormat` — Undefined=0, R8G8B8A8Unorm=37, B8G8R8A8Unorm=44, R8G8B8A8Srgb=43, B8G8R8A8Srgb=50, R32G32Sfloat=103, R32G32B32Sfloat=106, R32G32B32A32Sfloat=109, D32Sfloat=126, ...
-  - Push constants for MVP matrix + material params
+- `VkColorSpaceKHR` — SrgbNonlinear=0
+- `VkPresentModeKHR` — Immediate=0, Mailbox=1, Fifo=2, FifoRelaxed=3
+- `VkImageUsageFlags` — TransferSrc, TransferDst, ColorAttachment, ...
+- `VkImageLayout` — Undefined=0, General=1, ColorAttachmentOptimal=2, TransferSrcOptimal=6, TransferDstOptimal=7, PresentSrcKHR=1000001002, ...
+- `VkImageAspectFlags` — Color=1, Depth=2
+- `VkAttachmentLoadOp` — Load=0, Clear=1, DontCare=2
+- `VkAttachmentStoreOp` — Store=0, DontCare=1
+- `VkSharingMode` — Exclusive=0, Concurrent=1
+- `VkCompositeAlphaFlagsKHR` — Opaque=1, ...
+- `VkSurfaceTransformFlagsKHR` — Identity=1, ...
+- `VkPrimitiveTopology` — PointList=0, LineList=1, TriangleList=3, ...
+- `VkPolygonMode` — Fill=0, Line=1, Point=2
+- `VkCullModeFlags` — None=0, Front=1, Back=2, FrontAndBack=3
+- `VkFrontFace` — CounterClockwise=0, Clockwise=1
+- `VkBlendFactor` — Zero=0, One=1, SrcAlpha=6, OneMinusSrcAlpha=7, ...
+- `VkBlendOp` — Add=0, ...
+- `VkColorComponentFlags` — R=1, G=2, B=4, A=8
+- `VkShaderStageFlags` — Vertex=1, Fragment=0x10, AllGraphics=0x1F
+- `VkPipelineStageFlags2` — None=0, TopOfPipe=1, ColorAttachmentOutput=0x400, AllGraphics=0x8000, Transfer=0x10000, ...
+- `VkAccessFlags2` — None=0, ColorAttachmentWrite=0x400, TransferWrite=0x1000, ...
+- `VkDynamicState` — Viewport=0, Scissor=1, ...
+- `VkCommandBufferLevel` — Primary=0, Secondary=1
+- `VkCommandBufferUsageFlags` — OneTimeSubmit=1, ...
+- `VkFenceCreateFlags` — Signaled=1
+- `VkMemoryPropertyFlags` — DeviceLocal=1, HostVisible=2, HostCoherent=4, HostCached=8
+- `VkBufferUsageFlags` — TransferSrc=1, TransferDst=2, VertexBuffer=0x80, IndexBuffer=0x40, UniformBuffer=0x10
+- `VkQueueFlags` — Graphics=1, Compute=2, Transfer=4
+- `VkPhysicalDeviceType` — Other=0, IntegratedGpu=1, DiscreteGpu=2, ...
+- `VkSampleCountFlags` — Count1=1
+- `VkImageViewType` — Type2D=1
+- `VkComponentSwizzle` — Identity=0, ...
+- `VkBool32` — False=0, True=1
+- `VkRenderingFlags` — None=0, ContentsSecondaryCommandBuffers=1
+- `VkPipelineBindPoint` — Graphics=0, Compute=1
+- `VkDescriptorType` — UniformBuffer=6, StorageBuffer=7, CombinedImageSampler=0, ...
+- `VkDescriptorPoolCreateFlags` — FreeDescriptorSet=1, ...
 
-- `VulkanBuffer.cs` — Buffer management:
+#### 1.4 `VulkanStructs.cs`
-  - CreateBuffer (vertex/index/uniform)
+All structs with `LayoutKind.Sequential`:
-  - AllocateMemory + bind
+- `VkApplicationInfo` — sType, pNext, pApplicationName, applicationVersion, pEngineName, engineVersion, apiVersion
-  - Map/unmap for writing
+- `VkInstanceCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, pApplicationInfo, enabledLayerCount, ppEnabledLayerNames, enabledExtensionCount, ppEnabledExtensionNames
-  - FindMemoryType
+- `VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT` — sType, pNext, flags, messageSeverity, messageType, pfnUserCallback, pUserData
-  - Staging buffer for copy
+- `VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, queueFamilyIndex, queueCount, pQueuePriorities
+- `VkDeviceCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, queueCreateInfoCount, pQueueCreateInfos, enabledLayerCount, ppEnabledLayerNames, enabledExtensionCount, ppEnabledExtensionNames, pEnabledFeatures
+- `VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures` — all VkBool32 (can be zeroed for triangle)
+- `VkPhysicalDeviceDynamicRenderingFeatures` — sType, pNext, dynamicRendering (VkBool32) — needed to enable dynamic rendering
+- `VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR` — sType, pNext, flags, surface, minImageCount, imageFormat, imageColorSpace, imageExtent, imageArrayLayers, imageUsage, imageSharingMode, queueFamilyIndexCount, pQueueFamilyIndices, preTransform, compositeAlpha, presentMode, clipped, oldSwapchain
+- `VkImageViewCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, image, viewType, format, components, subresourceRange
+- `VkComponentMapping` — r, g, b, a (VkComponentSwizzle)
+- `VkImageSubresourceRange` — aspectMask, baseMipLevel, levelCount, baseArrayLayer, layerCount
+- `VkExtent2D` — width, height
+- `VkExtent3D` — width, height, depth
+- `VkOffset2D` — x, y
+- `VkOffset3D` — x, y, z
+- `VkRect2D` — offset, extent
+- `VkViewport` — x, y, width, height, minDepth, maxDepth
+- `VkShaderModuleCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, codeSize, pCode
+- `VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, stage, module, pName, pSpecializationInfo
+- `VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, vertexBindingDescriptionCount, pVertexBindingDescriptions, vertexAttributeDescriptionCount, pVertexAttributeDescriptions
+- `VkVertexInputBindingDescription` — binding, stride, inputRate
+- `VkVertexInputAttributeDescription` — location, binding, format, offset
+- `VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, topology, primitiveRestartEnable
+- `VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, viewportCount, pViewports, scissorCount, pScissors
+- `VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, depthClampEnable, rasterizerDiscardEnable, polygonMode, cullMode, frontFace, depthBiasEnable, depthBiasConstantFactor, depthBiasClamp, depthBiasSlopeFactor, lineWidth
+- `VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, rasterizationSamples, sampleShadingEnable, minSampleShading, pSampleMask, alphaToCoverageEnable, alphaToOneEnable
+- `VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState` — blendEnable, srcColorBlendFactor, dstColorBlendFactor, colorBlendOp, srcAlphaBlendFactor, dstAlphaBlendFactor, alphaBlendOp, colorWriteMask
+- `VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, logicOpEnable, logicOp, attachmentCount, pAttachments, blendConstants[4]
+- `VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, dynamicStateCount, pDynamicStates
+- `VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, setLayoutCount, pSetLayouts, pushConstantRangeCount, pPushConstantRanges
+- `VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, stageCount, pStages, pVertexInputState, pInputAssemblyState, pViewportState, pRasterizationState, pMultisampleState, pDepthStencilState, pColorBlendState, pDynamicState, layout, renderPass, subpass, basePipelineHandle, basePipelineIndex
+- `VkCommandPoolCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, queueFamilyIndex
+- `VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo` — sType, pNext, commandPool, level, commandBufferCount
+- `VkCommandBufferBeginInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, pInheritanceInfo
+- `VkSemaphoreCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags
+- `VkFenceCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags
+- `VkBufferCreateInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, size, usage, sharingMode, queueFamilyIndexCount, pQueueFamilyIndices
+- `VkMemoryAllocateInfo` — sType, pNext, allocationSize, memoryTypeIndex
+- `VkMemoryRequirements` — size, alignment, memoryTypeBits
+- `VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties` — memoryTypeCount, memoryTypes[32], memoryHeapCount, memoryHeaps[16]
+- `VkMemoryType` — propertyFlags, heapIndex
+- `VkMemoryHeap` — size, flags
+- `VkQueueFamilyProperties` — queueFlags, queueCount, timestampValidBits, minImageTransferGranularity
+- `VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR` — minImageCount, maxImageCount, currentExtent, minImageExtent, maxImageExtent, maxImageArrayLayers, supportedTransforms, currentTransform, supportedCompositeAlpha, supportedUsageFlags
+- `VkSurfaceFormatKHR` — format, colorSpace
+- `VkPhysicalDeviceProperties` — apiVersion, driverVersion, vendorID, deviceID, deviceType, deviceName[256], ...
+- `VkSubmitInfo` — sType, pNext, waitSemaphoreCount, pWaitSemaphores, pWaitDstStageMask, commandBufferCount, pCommandBuffers, signalSemaphoreCount, pSignalSemaphores
+- `VkSubmitInfo2` — sType, pNext, flags, waitSemaphoreInfoCount, pWaitSemaphoreInfos, commandBufferInfoCount, pCommandBufferInfos, signalSemaphoreInfoCount, pSignalSemaphoreInfos (sync2)
+- `VkSemaphoreSubmitInfo` — sType, pNext, semaphore, value, stageMask, deviceIndex (sync2)
+- `VkCommandBufferSubmitInfo` — sType, pNext, commandBuffer, deviceMask (sync2)
+- `VkPresentInfoKHR` — sType, pNext, waitSemaphoreCount, pWaitSemaphores, swapchainCount, pSwapchains, pImageIndices, pResults
+- `VkClearValue` — union: VkClearColorValue color / VkClearDepthStencilValue depthStencil
+- `VkClearColorValue` — union: float[4] / int[4] / uint[4]
+- `VkClearDepthStencilValue` — depth, stencil
+- `VkRenderingAttachmentInfo` — sType, pNext, imageView, imageLayout, resolveMode, resolveImageView, resolveImageLayout, loadOp, storeOp, clearValue
+- `VkRenderingInfo` — sType, pNext, flags, renderArea, layerCount, viewMask, colorAttachmentCount, pColorAttachments, pDepthAttachment, pStencilAttachment
+- `VkImageMemoryBarrier2` — sType, pNext, srcStageMask, srcAccessMask, dstStageMask, dstAccessMask, oldLayout, newLayout, srcQueueFamilyIndex, dstQueueFamilyIndex, image, subresourceRange
+- `VkBufferMemoryBarrier2` — sType, pNext, srcStageMask, srcAccessMask, dstStageMask, dstAccessMask, srcQueueFamilyIndex, dstQueueFamilyIndex, buffer, offset, size
+- `VkDependencyInfo` — sType, pNext, dependencyFlags, memoryBarrierCount, pMemoryBarriers, bufferMemoryBarrierCount, pBufferMemoryBarriers, imageMemoryBarrierCount, pImageMemoryBarriers
+- `VkBufferCopy` — srcOffset, dstOffset, size
+- `VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT` — sType, pNext, messageId, pMessageIdName, messageSeverity, messageType, pMessage, queueLabelCount, pQueueLabels, cmdBufLabelCount, pCmdBufLabels, objectCount, pObjects
+- `VkDebugUtilsObjectNameInfoEXT` — sType, pNext, objectType, objectHandle, pObjectName
 
-- `VulkanRenderer.cs` — Render loop:
+#### 1.5 `Vk.cs`
-  - Command pool + command buffers (2 frames in flight)
+Function delegate types + loaded function pointers:
-  - Semaphores + fences for sync
-  - Descriptor pools + sets
-  - RenderWorld(World):
-    - Get camera from ECS
-    - Collect lights from ECS
-    - Update frame UBO (camera pos, lights)
-    - For each Mesh+Transform entity: upload/cache vertex+index buffers, 
-      set push constants (MVP + material), draw indexed
-  - Screenshot capture (copy image to staging buffer → PNG)
-  - Present
 
-- `VulkanBackendRegistrar.cs` — Register("vulkan", factory)
+**Instance-level functions** (loaded via `vkGetInstanceProcAddr`):
+- `vkCreateInstance`, `vkDestroyInstance`
+- `vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices`, `vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties`, `vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties`
+- `vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties`
+- `vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR`
+- `vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR`, `vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR`, `vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR`
+- `vkCreateDevice`, `vkDestroyDevice`
+- `vkDestroySurfaceKHR`
+- `vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT`, `vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT` (extension — via getInstanceProcAddr)
+- `vkGetDeviceProcAddr`
 
-csproj: references Engine.Core, Engine.Graphics, Flecs.NET
+**Device-level functions** (loaded via `vkGetDeviceProcAddr` for best performance):
-NO external Vulkan packages — pure P/Invoke
+- `vkGetDeviceQueue`
+- `vkCreateSwapchainKHR`, `vkDestroySwapchainKHR`, `vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR`
+- `vkCreateImageView`, `vkDestroyImageView`
+- `vkCreateShaderModule`, `vkDestroyShaderModule`
+- `vkCreatePipelineLayout`, `vkDestroyPipelineLayout`
+- `vkCreateGraphicsPipelines`, `vkDestroyPipeline`
+- `vkCreateCommandPool`, `vkDestroyCommandPool`
+- `vkAllocateCommandBuffers`, `vkFreeCommandBuffers`
+- `vkBeginCommandBuffer`, `vkEndCommandBuffer`, `vkResetCommandBuffer`
+- `vkCreateSemaphore`, `vkDestroySemaphore`
+- `vkCreateFence`, `vkDestroyFence`, `vkResetFences`, `vkWaitForFences`, `vkGetFenceStatus`
+- `vkCreateBuffer`, `vkDestroyBuffer`
+- `vkAllocateMemory`, `vkFreeMemory`
+- `vkBindBufferMemory`
+- `vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements`
+- `vkMapMemory`, `vkUnmapMemory`
+- `vkCmdBindPipeline`
+- `vkCmdSetViewport`, `vkCmdSetScissor`
+- `vkCmdBindVertexBuffers`
+- `vkCmdDraw`
+- `vkCmdBeginRendering`, `vkCmdEndRendering` (Vulkan 1.3 dynamic rendering)
+- `vkCmdPipelineBarrier2` (sync2)
+- `vkCmdCopyBuffer`
+- `vkCmdBindIndexBuffer`, `vkCmdDrawIndexed` (for future)
+- `vkAcquireNextImageKHR`
+- `vkQueueSubmit2` (sync2)
+- `vkQueuePresentKHR`
+- `vkDeviceWaitIdle`
+- `vkQueueWaitIdle`
 
-### Phase 3: Shaders
+### Phase 2: Vulkan Context
 
-GLSL → SPIR-V shaders (compiled with glslangValidator):
+#### 2.1 `VulkanContext.cs`
-- `Shaders/vertex.vert` — #version 450, position/normal/color inputs, MVP+model uniforms, outputs
+- **CreateInstance:**
-- `Shaders/fragment.frag` — #version 450, PBR lighting (Fresnel, ACES, gamma), directional + point lights
+  - `VkApplicationInfo` with `apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_3`
-- Compile: `glslangValidator -V vertex.vert -o vertex.spv && glslangValidator -V fragment.frag -o fragment.spv`
+  - Instance extensions from SDL3: `SDL_GetVulkanInstanceExtensions()`
-- Embed .spv files as project resources or copy to output directory
+  - Add `VK_EXT_debug_utils` in Debug
+  - Layers: `VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation` in Debug
+  - Chain `VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT` in `pNext` for early validation
+  - Debug callback: prints `pMessage` to stderr/console
 
-### Phase 4: App Integration
+- **PickPhysicalDevice:**
+  - Enumerate all physical devices
+  - Prefer `VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_DISCRETE_GPU`
+  - Find queue family with `VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT` + surface support (`vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR`)
 
-- Fix `CortexEngine.App.csproj` — remove deleted project refs, add Engine.Graphics + Engine.Graphics.Vulkan
+- **CreateLogicalDevice:**
+  - Enable `VK_KHR_swapchain` device extension
+  - Chain `VkPhysicalDeviceDynamicRenderingFeatures` in `pNext` with `dynamicRendering = VK_TRUE`
+  - Single queue from selected family, priority 1.0
+
+- **CreateSurface:**
+  - Call SDL3 `SDL_Vulkan_CreateSurface(window, instance, ...)` via Sdl3Window
+  - Store `VkSurfaceKHR`
+
+- **Debug Messenger:**
+  - `vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT` with callback
+  - Severity: Verbose | Warning | Error
+  - Type: General | Validation | Performance
+
+### Phase 3: Swapchain
+
+#### 3.1 `VulkanSwapchain.cs`
+- **Query surface:**
+  - `vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR` → min/max image count, current extent
+  - `vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR` → prefer `B8G8R8A8_UNORM` + `SrgbNonlinear`, fallback first format
+  - `vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR` → prefer `MAILBOX`, fallback `FIFO` (guaranteed)
+
+- **Create swapchain:**
+  - `minImageCount = max(minImageCount + 1, maxImageCount)` (clamped)
+  - `imageUsage = COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT | TRANSFER_DST_BIT` (for future screenshots)
+  - `preTransform = currentTransform` (no pre-rotation on desktop)
+  - `compositeAlpha = OPAQUE_BIT`
+  - `clipped = VK_TRUE`
+  - `oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE` (on first create)
+
+- **Get swapchain images:**
+  - `vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR` → array of `VkImage`
+  - Create `VkImageView` for each (`TYPE_2D`, same format, `COLOR_BIT` aspect)
+
+- **Recreate:**
+  - `vkDeviceWaitIdle`
+  - Destroy old image views + swapchain
+  - Create new swapchain with `oldSwapchain` = old handle
+  - Create new image views
+
+### Phase 4: Pipeline
+
+#### 4.1 `VulkanPipeline.cs`
+- **Shader modules:**
+  - Load `triangle.vert.spv` and `triangle.frag.spv` from embedded resources or filesystem
+  - `vkCreateShaderModule` for each
+
+- **Vertex input:**
+  - Binding 0: stride = sizeof(Vertex) = 36 bytes, `VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX`
+  - Attribute 0: `R32G32B32_SFLOAT` @ offset 0 (Position, location 0)
+  - Attribute 1: `R32G32B32_SFLOAT` @ offset 12 (Color, location 1)
+  - Attribute 2: `R32G32B32_SFLOAT` @ offset 24 (Normal, location 2)
+
+- **Pipeline state:**
+  - Input assembly: `TRIANGLE_LIST`
+  - Viewport state: viewportCount=1, scissorCount=1 (dynamic values)
+  - Rasterization: `FILL`, cull `NONE`, `COUNTER_CLOCKWISE`, lineWidth=1.0
+  - Multisample: `COUNT_1_BIT`, no sample shading
+  - Color blend: 1 attachment, blend disabled, write RGBA
+  - Dynamic state: `VIEWPORT`, `SCISSOR`
+  - Pipeline layout: no descriptor sets, no push constants (triangle only)
+
+- **Dynamic rendering integration:**
+  - `VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo::renderPass = VK_NULL_HANDLE` (Vulkan 1.3 dynamic rendering)
+  - Set `pNext` to `VkPipelineRenderingCreateInfo` with `colorAttachmentCount=1`, `pColorAttachmentFormats = {swapchainFormat}`
+
+### Phase 5: Frame Resources
+
+#### 5.1 `VulkanFrameResources.cs`
+- **Constants:**
+  - `MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2`
+
+- **Per-frame-in-flight resources** (indexed 0..MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT-1):
+  - `VkCommandBuffer` — primary, from shared command pool
+  - `VkFence` — signaled on submit, waited at frame start (created with `SIGNALED` flag)
+  - `VkSemaphore` — acquire semaphore (signaled by `vkAcquireNextImageKHR`)
+
+- **Per-swapchain-image resources** (indexed 0..swapchainImageCount-1):
+  - `VkSemaphore` — submit/render-finished semaphore (signaled by `vkQueueSubmit2`, waited by `vkQueuePresentKHR`)
+  - **CRITICAL:** These are indexed by swapchain image index, NOT frame-in-flight index.
+    This is the correct pattern from the Vulkan Guide (§swapchain_semaphore_reuse).
+    Waiting on the acquire semaphore/fence for a given image index guarantees the previous
+    present operation using that image has completed, making the submit semaphore safe to reuse.
+
+- **Command pool:**
+  - `vkCreateCommandPool` with `RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER_BIT` flag
+  - Allocate `MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT` primary command buffers
+
+### Phase 6: Vertex Buffer
+
+#### 6.1 `VulkanVertexBuffer.cs`
+- **Staging buffer pattern (correct from start):**
+  1. Create staging buffer: `usage = TRANSFER_SRC_BIT`, memory = `HOST_VISIBLE | HOST_COHERENT`
+  2. `vkMapMemory` → `memcpy` vertex data → `vkUnmapMemory`
+  3. Create vertex buffer: `usage = TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT`, memory = `DEVICE_LOCAL`
+  4. Allocate + record one-time command buffer
+  5. `vkCmdCopyBuffer(staging, vertex, size)`
+  6. Submit + wait on fence
+  7. Destroy staging buffer + free its memory + free one-time command buffer
+
+- **Triangle data:**
+  ```
+  Vertex[3] = {
+    { Position: ( 0.0, -0.5, 0.0), Color: (1, 0, 0), Normal: (0, 0, 1) },
+    { Position: ( 0.5,  0.5, 0.0), Color: (0, 1, 0), Normal: (0, 0, 1) },
+    { Position: (-0.5,  0.5, 0.0), Color: (0, 0, 1), Normal: (0, 0, 1) },
+  }
+  ```
+
+- **Memory type selection:**
+  - `vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties` → iterate `memoryTypes[]`
+  - Find type where `(memoryTypeBits >> i) & 1` and `propertyFlags` matches desired flags
+  - Helper: `FindMemoryType(memoryTypeBits, desiredFlags)`
+
+### Phase 7: Renderer
+
+#### 7.1 `VulkanRenderer.cs` (implements `IRenderer`)
+- **Constructor:**
+  - Create swapchain, pipeline, frame resources, vertex buffer
+  - Store reference to `VulkanContext` (instance, device, queue, surface)
+
+- **Frame loop (`Render()` method):**
+  ```
+  1. vkWaitForFences(frameFences[frameIndex])
+  2. vkResetFences(frameFences[frameIndex])
+  3. vkAcquireNextImageKHR(swapchain, acquireSemaphores[frameIndex], imageIndex)
+  4. vkResetCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[frameIndex])
+  5. vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[frameIndex], ONE_TIME_SUBMIT)
+  6. Image layout transition (sync2 barrier):
+     UNDEFINED → COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL
+     (srcStageMask: NONE, dstStageMask: COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT)
+  7. vkCmdBeginRendering(renderingInfo):
+     - colorAttachment: swapchainImageViews[imageIndex], COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL
+     - loadOp: CLEAR (black), storeOp: STORE
+     - renderArea: full extent
+  8. vkCmdBindPipeline(GRAPHICS, pipeline)
+  9. vkCmdSetViewport(0, 1, {0, 0, extent.width, extent.height, 0, 1})
+  10. vkCmdSetScissor(0, 1, {{0,0}, extent})
+  11. vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(0, 1, {vertexBuffer}, {0})
+  12. vkCmdDraw(3, 1, 0, 0)
+  13. vkCmdEndRendering()
+  14. Image layout transition (sync2 barrier):
+      COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL → PRESENT_SRC_KHR
+      (srcStageMask: COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT, dstStageMask: ALL_GRAPHICS)
+  15. vkEndCommandBuffer()
+  16. vkQueueSubmit2(queue, submitInfo2):
+      - wait: acquireSemaphores[frameIndex] @ COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT
+      - commandBuffer: commandBuffers[frameIndex]
+      - signal: submitSemaphores[imageIndex]
+      - fence: frameFences[frameIndex]
+  17. vkQueuePresentKHR(presentInfo):
+      - wait: submitSemaphores[imageIndex]
+      - swapchain, imageIndex
+  18. frameIndex = (frameIndex + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT
+  ```
+
+- **Resize handling:**
+  - If `vkAcquireNextImageKHR` returns `ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR` or `SuboptimalKHR`:
+    - `vkDeviceWaitIdle`
+    - Recreate swapchain
+    - Continue frame
+
+- **Dispose:**
+  - `vkDeviceWaitIdle`
+  - Destroy vertex buffer + memory
+  - Destroy semaphores (acquire + submit), fences
+  - Destroy command pool
+  - Destroy pipeline, pipeline layout, shader modules
+  - Destroy swapchain + image views
+  - Destroy debug messenger
+  - Destroy device, surface, instance
+
+#### 7.2 `VulkanRenderContext.cs` (implements `IRenderContext`)
+- Exposes `Window` (from Sdl3Window)
+- `CreateRenderer()` → returns `VulkanRenderer`
+- `Resize()` → triggers swapchain recreation
+- `Dispose()` → destroys context
+
+#### 7.3 `VulkanBackendRegistrar.cs`
+- Static constructor registers `"vulkan"` in `RenderBackendFactory`
+- Factory creates `VulkanRenderContext` with `Sdl3Window`
+
+### Phase 8: Shaders
+
+#### 8.1 `Shaders/triangle.vert`
+```glsl
+#version 450
+
+layout(location = 0) in vec3 inPosition;
+layout(location = 1) in vec3 inColor;
+layout(location = 2) in vec3 inNormal;
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec3 fragColor;
+
+void main() {
+    gl_Position = vec4(inPosition, 1.0);
+    fragColor = inColor;
+}
+```
+
+#### 8.2 `Shaders/triangle.frag`
+```glsl
+#version 450
+
+layout(location = 0) in vec3 fragColor;
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 outColor;
+
+void main() {
+    outColor = vec4(fragColor, 1.0);
+}
+```
+
+#### 8.3 Compilation
+```bash
+glslangValidator -V triangle.vert -o triangle.vert.spv
+glslangValidator -V triangle.frag -o triangle.frag.spv
+```
+- Embed `.spv` files as embedded resources in csproj, or copy to output directory
+- Load at runtime via `Assembly.GetManifestResourceStream()` or `File.ReadAllBytes()`
+
+### Phase 9: App Integration
+
+- Fix `CortexEngine.App.csproj`:
+  - Remove deleted project references
+  - Add `Engine.Graphics` + `Engine.Graphics.Vulkan`
 - Fix `Program.cs`:
-  - Remove all Raylib/OpenTK/old OpenGL imports
+  - Simplify to triangle-only rendering
-  - Remove ImGuiLayer, ObjectManipulator (Raylib-specific, will reimplement later)
+  - `RenderBackendFactory.Create("vulkan", 1280, 720, validation: true)`
-  - Use `RenderBackendFactory.Create("vulkan", 1280, 720, enableValidation: true)`
+  - Main loop: poll events → render → present
-  - Keep: physics, camera controllers, AI commands, tour mode, scene setup
+  - Keep: Sdl3Window, basic event handling
-  - Sdl3Window creates Vulkan surface automatically (vulkanSurface: true)
+  - Remove: ECS scene, physics, AI, camera tour (add back later)
 
-### Phase 5: Fix Tests
+### Phase 10: Fix Tests
 
-- Update `Engine.Tests.csproj` — reference restored Engine.Graphics
+- Update `Engine.Tests.csproj` — reference restored `Engine.Graphics`
-- Tests that reference Engine.Graphics: ObjLoaderTests, RenderBackendFactoryTests, 
+- Tests referencing Engine.Graphics: ObjLoaderTests, RenderBackendFactoryTests,
   SceneSerializerTests, MeshMathAndProceduralTests
-- All 66 tests should pass after Engine.Graphics is restored
+- All tests should pass after Engine.Graphics is restored
 
-### Phase 6: ImGui (later)
+---
-
-- ImGui.NET NuGet + Vulkan ImGui backend
-- ImGui_ImplVulkan for rendering
-- Entity inspector, hierarchy, debug overlay
-
-### Phase 7: Shadow Mapping (later)
-
-- Depth-only render pass from light's POV
-- Shadow image (depth texture, 2048x2048)
-- Shadow matrix (lightViewProj) in push constants
-- PCF sampling in fragment shader
-
-## Cross-Platform Notes
-
-- Vulkan P/Invoke: only difference is library name (vulkan-1.dll vs libvulkan.so.1)
-- SDL3: already cross-platform (ppy.SDL3-CS)
-- SPIR-V: binary format, works everywhere
-- .NET 9: NativeLibrary.Load for dynamic resolution if needed
 
 ## File Layout
 
 ```
 src/
-├── Engine.Core/          (exists, unchanged)
+├── Engine.Core/              (exists, unchanged)
-├── Engine.Graphics/      (new — interfaces + loaders)
+├── Engine.Graphics/          (exists, restored minimal interfaces)
 │   ├── Engine.Graphics.csproj
 │   ├── IRenderContext.cs
 │   ├── IRenderer.cs
+│   ├── IScreenshotProvider.cs
 │   ├── RenderBackendFactory.cs
 │   ├── MeshMath.cs
 │   ├── ProceduralMesh.cs
 │   ├── SceneSerializer.cs
 │   └── Loaders/
-│       ├── ObjLoader.cs
+│       └── ObjLoader.cs
-│       └── GltfLoader.cs
+├── Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/   (new — pure P/Invoke, Vulkan 1.3)
-├── Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/  (new — pure Vulkan P/Invoke)
 │   ├── Engine.Graphics.Vulkan.csproj
-│   ├── VulkanNative.cs        (~800 lines)
+│   ├── VulkanNative.cs          — library loading, vkGetInstanceProcAddr
-│   ├── VulkanContext.cs       (~300 lines)
+│   ├── VulkanHandles.cs         — opaque pointer types
-│   ├── VulkanSwapchain.cs     (~250 lines)
+│   ├── VulkanEnums.cs           — all Vulkan enums/flags
-│   ├── VulkanPipeline.cs      (~200 lines)
+│   ├── VulkanStructs.cs         — all Vulkan structs (LayoutKind.Sequential)
-│   ├── VulkanBuffer.cs        (~150 lines)
+│   ├── Vk.cs                    — function delegates + loaded pointers
-│   ├── VulkanRenderer.cs      (~400 lines)
+│   ├── VulkanContext.cs         — instance, device, queue, surface, debug
-│   ├── VulkanBackendRegistrar.cs
+│   ├── VulkanSwapchain.cs       — swapchain, image views, recreate
+│   ├── VulkanPipeline.cs        — shader modules, pipeline layout, graphics pipeline
+│   ├── VulkanFrameResources.cs  — command buffers, fences, semaphores (correct indexing)
+│   ├── VulkanVertexBuffer.cs    — staging buffer → device-local vertex buffer
+│   ├── VulkanRenderer.cs        — IRenderer: frame loop with dynamic rendering
+│   ├── VulkanRenderContext.cs   — IRenderContext implementation
+│   ├── VulkanBackendRegistrar.cs— registration in RenderBackendFactory
 │   └── Shaders/
-│       ├── vertex.vert
+│       ├── triangle.vert
-│       ├── fragment.frag
+│       ├── triangle.frag
-│       ├── vertex.spv
+│       ├── triangle.vert.spv
-│       └── fragment.spv
+│       └── triangle.frag.spv
-├── Engine.Physics/       (exists, unchanged)
+├── Engine.Physics/           (exists, unchanged)
-├── Engine.AI/            (exists, unchanged)
+├── Engine.AI/                (exists, unchanged)
-└── CortexEngine.App/     (fix references)
+└── CortexEngine.App/         (fix references, simplify to triangle)
 ```
 
-## Solution Update
+---
 
-Remove from solution:
+## csproj: Engine.Graphics.Vulkan
-- Engine.Graphics.Raylib (deleted)
-- Engine.Graphics.OpenTK (deleted)
-- Engine.Graphics.Vulkan (old Silk.NET, deleted)
 
-Add to solution:
+```xml
-- Engine.Graphics (new)
+<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
-- Engine.Graphics.Vulkan (new, pure P/Invoke)
+  <PropertyGroup>
+    <TargetFramework>net9.0</TargetFramework>
+    <AllowUnsafeBlocks>true</AllowUnsafeBlocks>
+    <IsAotCompatible>true</IsAotCompatible>
+  </PropertyGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\Engine.Core\Engine.Core.csproj" />
+    <ProjectReference Include="..\Engine.Graphics\Engine.Graphics.csproj" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Shaders\*.spv" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+</Project>
+```
+
+No NuGet packages for Vulkan. Pure P/Invoke.
+
+---
+
+## Cross-Platform Notes
+
+- **Library name:** `vulkan-1.dll` (Windows) vs `libvulkan.so.1` (Linux) — handled in `VulkanNative.cs`
+- **Surface creation:** SDL3 abstracts platform differences (`SDL_Vulkan_CreateSurface`)
+- **SPIR-V:** Binary format, identical on all platforms
+- **.NET 9:** `NativeLibrary.Load()` for dynamic resolution
+
+---
 
 ## Key Technical Details
 
-### Matrix Layout
+### Semaphore Indexing (CRITICAL)
-- System.Numerics.Matrix4x4 is row-major
+
-- Vulkan expects column-major in shaders (layout(row_major) or transpose)
+```
-- Solution: use `layout(row_major) uniform mat4` in GLSL → no transpose needed
+                    Indexed by frame-in-flight (0..1)        Indexed by swapchain image (0..N-1)
-- OR transpose in C# before writing to uniform buffer
+                    ─────────────────────────────────       ──────────────────────────────────
+Acquire semaphore   ✓
+Command buffer      ✓
+Frame fence         ✓
+Submit semaphore                                            ✓
+```
+
+Rationale: `vkQueuePresentKHR` cannot signal a fence/semaphore. The only way to know
+a submit semaphore is safe to reuse is to acquire the same swapchain image index again
+(which guarantees the previous present using that image has completed).
+Indexing submit semaphores by frame-in-flight is a common bug that violates the spec.
+
+### Dynamic Rendering (Vulkan 1.3)
+
+No `VkRenderPass` or `VkFramebuffer` objects needed:
+```csharp
+// Instead of vkCmdBeginRenderPass:
+VkRenderingAttachmentInfo colorAttachment = new() {
+    sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDERING_ATTACHMENT_INFO,
+    imageView = swapchainImageViews[imageIndex],
+    imageLayout = COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
+    loadOp = CLEAR,
+    storeOp = STORE,
+    clearValue = new() { color = { 0, 0, 0, 1 } }
+};
+
+VkRenderingInfo renderingInfo = new() {
+    sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDERING_INFO,
+    renderArea = { {0,0}, extent },
+    layerCount = 1,
+    colorAttachmentCount = 1,
+    pColorAttachments = &colorAttachment
+};
+
+vkCmdBeginRendering(commandBuffer, &renderingInfo);
+// draw commands...
+vkCmdEndRendering(commandBuffer);
+```
+
+Pipeline must include `VkPipelineRenderingCreateInfo` in `pNext`:
+```csharp
+VkPipelineRenderingCreateInfo renderingInfo = new() {
+    sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RENDERING_CREATE_INFO,
+    colorAttachmentCount = 1,
+    pColorAttachmentFormats = &swapchainFormat
+};
+// Chain in VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo.pNext
+```
+
+### Sync2 Image Layout Transitions
+
+Using `vkCmdPipelineBarrier2` with `VkImageMemoryBarrier2`:
+```csharp
+// UNDEFINED → COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL (before rendering)
+VkImageMemoryBarrier2 toColor = new() {
+    sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER_2,
+    srcStageMask = PIPELINE_STAGE_2_NONE,
+    srcAccessMask = ACCESS_2_NONE,
+    dstStageMask = PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT,
+    dstAccessMask = ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE,
+    oldLayout = UNDEFINED,
+    newLayout = COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
+    image = swapchainImages[imageIndex],
+    subresourceRange = { COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1 }
+};
+
+// COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL → PRESENT_SRC_KHR (after rendering)
+VkImageMemoryBarrier2 toPresent = new() {
+    sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER_2,
+    srcStageMask = PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT,
+    srcAccessMask = ACCESS_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE,
+    dstStageMask = PIPELINE_STAGE_2_ALL_GRAPHICS,
+    dstAccessMask = ACCESS_2_NONE,
+    oldLayout = COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
+    newLayout = PRESENT_SRC_KHR,
+    image = swapchainImages[imageIndex],
+    subresourceRange = { COLOR_BIT, 0, 1, 0, 1 }
+};
+
+VkDependencyInfo depInfo = new() {
+    sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEPENDENCY_INFO,
+    imageMemoryBarrierCount = 1,
+    pImageMemoryBarriers = &barrier
+};
+vkCmdPipelineBarrier2(commandBuffer, &depInfo);
+```
+
+### Queue Submit (Sync2)
+
+Using `vkQueueSubmit2` with `VkSubmitInfo2`:
+```csharp
+VkSemaphoreSubmitInfo waitInfo = new() {
+    sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_SUBMIT_INFO,
+    semaphore = acquireSemaphores[frameIndex],
+    stageMask = PIPELINE_STAGE_2_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT
+};
+
+VkCommandBufferSubmitInfo cmdInfo = new() {
+    sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_SUBMIT_INFO,
+    commandBuffer = commandBuffers[frameIndex]
+};
+
+VkSemaphoreSubmitInfo signalInfo = new() {
+    sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_SUBMIT_INFO,
+    semaphore = submitSemaphores[imageIndex],
+    stageMask = PIPELINE_STAGE_2_ALL_GRAPHICS
+};
+
+VkSubmitInfo2 submitInfo = new() {
+    sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO_2,
+    waitSemaphoreInfoCount = 1,
+    pWaitSemaphoreInfos = &waitInfo,
+    commandBufferInfoCount = 1,
+    pCommandBufferInfos = &cmdInfo,
+    signalSemaphoreInfoCount = 1,
+    pSignalSemaphoreInfos = &signalInfo
+};
+
+vkQueueSubmit2(queue, 1, &submitInfo, frameFences[frameIndex]);
+```
 
 ### Vertex Layout
+
 ```
 Vertex struct (9 floats, 36 bytes):
-  Position: vec3 (offset 0)
+  Position: vec3 (offset 0,  format R32G32B32_SFLOAT, location 0)
-  Color:    vec3 (offset 12)  
+  Color:    vec3 (offset 12, format R32G32B32_SFLOAT, location 1)
-  Normal:   vec3 (offset 24)
+  Normal:   vec3 (offset 24, format R32G32B32_SFLOAT, location 2)
-```
-
-### Push Constants (96 bytes max)
-```
-offset 0:  mat4 MVP (64 bytes)
-offset 64: vec3 materialAlbedo + float roughness (16 bytes)
-offset 80: float metallic + uint useTexture + uint pad + uint pad (16 bytes)
-```
-
-### Frame UBO (224 bytes)
-```
-offset 0:   vec3 cameraPosition + uint lightCount (16 bytes)
-offset 16:  vec3 ambientColor + float pad (16 bytes)
-offset 32:  Light[4] — each 48 bytes (vec3 direction + float intensity + vec3 color + float pad)
-```
-
-### Light Struct (48 bytes)
-```
-vec3 direction (12 bytes)
-float intensity (4 bytes)
-vec3 color (12 bytes)
-float padding (4 bytes)
 ```
 
 ### Validation Layers
+
 ```csharp
 string[] layers = enableValidation
     ? new[] { "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation" }
     : Array.Empty<string>();
+
+string[] instanceExtensions = enableValidation
+    ? [.. sdlExtensions, "VK_EXT_debug_utils"]
+    : sdlExtensions;
 ```
-Validation errors print to stderr — use for debugging.
 
-### Memory Allocation
+Debug callback (C#):
-Simple approach (no VMA):
+```csharp
-1. vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties
+static uint DebugCallback(
-2. Find memory type with VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | HOST_COHERENT_BIT
+    nint instance, uint messageSeverity, uint messageTypes,
-3. vkAllocateMemory + vkBindBufferMemory
+    nint pCallbackData, nint pUserData)
-4. vkMapMemory for writing, vkUnmapMemory
+{
+    var data = Marshal.PtrToStructure<VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT>(pCallbackData);
+    Console.Error.WriteLine($"[Vulkan] {data.pMessage}");
+    return 0; // VK_FALSE — don't abort
+}
+```
 
-For GPU-only buffers (vertex/index):
+---
-1. Find memory type with DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT
+
-2. Use staging buffer (host visible) + vkCmdCopyBuffer
+## Future Phases (Not in This Plan)
+
+- **Phase 11:** ImGui integration (ImGui.NET + Vulkan backend)
+- **Phase 12:** Mesh rendering (OBJ loading, index buffers, descriptor sets, UBO for camera)
+- **Phase 13:** PBR shading (Fresnel, ACES tonemap, gamma correction, directional + point lights)
+- **Phase 14:** Shadow mapping (depth-only render pass from light POV, PCF sampling)
+- **Phase 15:** Screenshot capture (copy swapchain image to staging buffer → PNG)
+- **Phase 16:** VMA (Vulkan Memory Allocator) for sub-allocation
+- **Phase 17:** Multi-threaded command buffer recording

src/CortexEngine.App/CortexEngine.App.csproj

@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@
     <ProjectReference Include="..\Engine.Core\Engine.Core.csproj" />
     <ProjectReference Include="..\Engine.Graphics\Engine.Graphics.csproj" />
     <ProjectReference Include="..\Engine.Graphics.Vulkan\Engine.Graphics.Vulkan.csproj" />
-    <ProjectReference Include="..\Engine.AI\Engine.AI.csproj" />
-    <ProjectReference Include="..\Engine.Physics\Engine.Physics.csproj" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>

src/CortexEngine.App/Program.cs

@@ -1,20 +1,7 @@
-using System;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.IO;
-using System.Numerics;
-using Engine.AI;
-#if !RELEASE_AOT
-using Engine.AI.Mcp;
-using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
-#endif
 using Engine.Core;
-using Engine.Core.Components;
 using Engine.Graphics;
-using Engine.Graphics.Loaders;
 using Engine.Graphics.Vulkan;
-using Engine.Physics;
 using Flecs.NET.Core;
-using ImGuiNET;
 
 namespace CortexEngine.App;
 
@@ -22,280 +9,40 @@ class Program
 {
     static async Task Main(string[] args)
     {
-        Console.WriteLine("Cortex Engine — Vulkan Backend, Pure P/Invoke...");
+        Console.WriteLine("Cortex Engine — Vulkan Triangle (pure P/Invoke)...");
 
         try
         {
-            if (args.Contains("--mcp-stdio"))
-            {
-                RunMcpStdioServer();
-                return;
-            }
-
-            var cameraTour = args.Contains("--camera-tour");
-            var testScene = args.Contains("--test-scene");
-            if (testScene)
-                cameraTour = true;
-
-            using var world = World.Create();
-            var timing = new Timing();
-            using var physicsWorld = new PhysicsWorld();
-
             VulkanBackendRegistrar.EnsureRegistered();
             using var renderContext = RenderBackendFactory.Create("vulkan", 1280, 720, enableValidation: true);
             var window = renderContext.Window;
-            var input = window.Input;
             using var renderer = renderContext.CreateRenderer();
 
-            VulkanImGui? imGuiLayer = null;
+            using var world = World.Create();
-            if (!cameraTour && renderer is VulkanRenderer vkRenderer)
-            {
-                ImGui.CreateContext();
-                imGuiLayer = new VulkanImGui(vkRenderer._ctx, vkRenderer._swapchain);
-                vkRenderer.ImGuiLayer = imGuiLayer;
-                ImGui.GetIO().DisplaySize = new System.Numerics.Vector2(window.Width, window.Height);
-                Console.WriteLine("[App] ImGui initialized.");
-            }
 
-            var (modelPath, mcpPort) = ParseArgs(args);
-            var mesh = LoadModel(modelPath);
-
-            var processor = new AiCommandProcessor(world, LoadModel, path => renderer.RequestScreenshot(path));
-            var queue = new AiCommandQueue(processor, renderer.ScreenshotProvider);
-
-            var cameraEntity = world.Entity("Camera")
-                .Set(new Transform(new Vector3(0.0f, 0.75f, -30.0f), Quaternion.Identity, Vector3.One))
-                .Set(new Camera(
-                    new Vector3(0.0f, 0.75f, -30.0f),
-                    new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f),
-                    Vector3.UnitY,
-                    MathF.PI / 12.0f,
-                    1280.0f / 720.0f,
-                    0.1f,
-                    100.0f));
-
-            world.Entity("MainLight")
-                .Set(new Transform(new Vector3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), Quaternion.Identity, Vector3.One))
-                .Set(Light.Directional(new Vector3(0.4f, -1.0f, -0.3f), new Vector3(1.0f, 0.95f, 0.85f), 2.0f));
-
-            ICameraController[] cameraControllers =
-            {
-                new FreeFlyCameraController(cameraEntity),
-                new OrbitCameraController(cameraEntity, new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f))
-            };
-            var activeControllerIndex = 0;
-            var cameraController = cameraControllers[activeControllerIndex];
-            Console.WriteLine($"Active camera controller: {cameraController.Name} (press F to toggle)");
-
-            if (testScene)
-            {
-                Console.WriteLine("Calibration test scene enabled.");
-                CreateCalibrationScene(world, mesh);
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                CreateDemoScene(world, mesh);
-            }
-
-#if !RELEASE_AOT
-            WebApplication? mcpApp = null;
-            Task? mcpTask = null;
-
-            if (mcpPort > 0)
-            {
-                mcpApp = McpEngineServerHost.Create(args, queue, port: mcpPort);
-                mcpTask = mcpApp.RunAsync();
-                _ = mcpTask.ContinueWith(t =>
-                {
-                    if (t.IsFaulted)
-                        Console.WriteLine($"MCP server error: {t.Exception?.GetBaseException().Message}");
-                    else if (t.IsCanceled)
-                        Console.WriteLine("MCP server canceled.");
-                    else
-                        Console.WriteLine("MCP server stopped.");
-                }, TaskScheduler.Default);
-
-                Console.WriteLine($"MCP HTTP server listening on http://localhost:{mcpPort}/ (SSE)");
-            }
-            else
-            {
-                Console.WriteLine("MCP server disabled (--mcp-port 0).");
-            }
-#endif
-
-            var frames = 0;
-            var lastFpsTime = 0.0;
             var lastWidth = window.Width;
             var lastHeight = window.Height;
-            var demoScreenshotRequested = false;
+            var frames = 0;
-            var currentFps = 0;
+            var lastFpsTime = 0.0;
-
+            var timing = new Timing();
-            var tourPoses = testScene
-                ? new CameraPose[]
-                {
-                    new("test_front", new Vector3(0.0f, 0.75f, -30.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY),
-                    new("test_back", new Vector3(0.0f, 0.75f, 30.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY),
-                    new("test_left", new Vector3(-30.0f, 0.75f, 0.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY),
-                    new("test_right", new Vector3(30.0f, 0.75f, 0.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY),
-                    new("test_top", new Vector3(0.0f, 30.0f, 0.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), -Vector3.UnitZ),
-                    new("test_shifted", new Vector3(15.0f, 0.75f, -22.5f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY),
-                    new("test_rotated", new Vector3(0.0f, 0.75f, -30.0f), new Vector3(2.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY),
-                    new("test_yaw_15", new Vector3(7.76f, 0.75f, -28.98f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY),
-                    new("test_yaw_30", new Vector3(15.0f, 0.75f, -25.98f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY),
-                    new("test_yaw_45", new Vector3(21.21f, 0.75f, -21.21f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY),
-                    new("test_yaw_90", new Vector3(30.0f, 0.75f, 0.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY),
-                    new("test_pitch_45", new Vector3(0.0f, 21.96f, -21.21f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY),
-                    new("test_close", new Vector3(0.0f, 0.75f, -15.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY),
-                    new("test_far", new Vector3(0.0f, 0.75f, -60.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY),
-                    new("test_farther", new Vector3(0.0f, 0.75f, -120.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY),
-                    new("test_toward", new Vector3(0.0f, 0.75f, -20.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY)
-                }
-                : new CameraPose[]
-                {
-                    new("front", new Vector3(0.0f, 0.75f, -30.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY),
-                    new("top", new Vector3(0.0f, 30.0f, 0.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), -Vector3.UnitZ),
-                    new("side", new Vector3(30.0f, 0.75f, 4.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY),
-                    new("close", new Vector3(1.0f, 0.75f, -5.0f), new Vector3(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY),
-                    new("low", new Vector3(0.0f, 0.25f, -6.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY),
-                    new("back", new Vector3(0.0f, 0.75f, 30.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), Vector3.UnitY)
-                };
-            var tourIndex = -1;
-            var tourSettleFrames = 0;
-            var tourScreenshotPending = false;
-            var tourDone = false;
 
             while (!window.ShouldClose)
             {
                 timing.Tick();
                 window.PumpEvents();
-                input.BeginFrame();
-
-                var processed = queue.ProcessPending();
-                if (processed > 0)
-                    Console.WriteLine($"Processed {processed} AI command(s)");
 
                 if (window.Width != lastWidth || window.Height != lastHeight)
                 {
                     lastWidth = window.Width;
                     lastHeight = window.Height;
                     renderContext.Resize(lastWidth, lastHeight);
-                    ref var camera = ref cameraEntity.Ensure<Camera>();
-                    camera.AspectRatio = (float)lastWidth / lastHeight;
-                }
-
-                if (input.IsKeyPressed(Key.F))
-                {
-                    activeControllerIndex = (activeControllerIndex + 1) % cameraControllers.Length;
-                    cameraController = cameraControllers[activeControllerIndex];
-                    Console.WriteLine($"Active camera controller: {cameraController.Name}");
-                }
-
-                if (!cameraTour)
-                    cameraController.Update(input, (float)timing.DeltaTime);
-
-                if (cameraTour && !tourDone)
-                {
-                    if (tourIndex < 0)
-                    {
-                        tourIndex = 0;
-                        SetCameraPose(cameraEntity, tourPoses[tourIndex]);
-                        tourSettleFrames = 0;
-                        tourScreenshotPending = true;
-                    }
-
-                    if (tourScreenshotPending)
-                    {
-                        tourSettleFrames++;
-                        if (tourSettleFrames >= 5)
-                        {
-                            var path = $"Screenshots/tour_{tourPoses[tourIndex].Name}.png";
-                            renderer.RequestScreenshot(path);
-                            Console.WriteLine($"Tour screenshot: {path}");
-                            tourScreenshotPending = false;
-                        }
-                    }
-
-                    if (!tourScreenshotPending && !renderer.IsScreenshotRequested)
-                    {
-                        tourIndex++;
-                        if (tourIndex >= tourPoses.Length)
-                        {
-                            tourDone = true;
-                            Console.WriteLine("Camera tour complete.");
-                            window.Close();
-                        }
-                        else
-                        {
-                            SetCameraPose(cameraEntity, tourPoses[tourIndex]);
-                            tourSettleFrames = 0;
-                            tourScreenshotPending = true;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-
-                if (!cameraTour)
-                {
-                    var toInit = new List<(Entity, RigidBody, Transform)>();
-                    world.Each((Entity e, ref RigidBody rb, ref Transform t) =>
-                    {
-                        if (!rb.IsInitialized)
-                            toInit.Add((e, rb, t));
-                    });
-
-                    foreach (var (e, rbData, t) in toInit)
-                    {
-                        physicsWorld.CreateBody(e, rbData, t);
-                        var rb = rbData;
-                        rb.IsInitialized = true;
-                        e.Set(rb);
-                    }
-
-                    physicsWorld.Update((float)timing.DeltaTime);
-                    physicsWorld.SyncTransforms(world, null);
-                }
-
-                if (!demoScreenshotRequested && !cameraTour && frames >= 15)
-                {
-                    renderer.RequestScreenshot("Screenshots/demo.png");
-                    demoScreenshotRequested = true;
-                }
-
-                if (imGuiLayer != null)
-                {
-                    ImGui.NewFrame();
-                    ImGui.Begin("Cortex Engine Debug");
-                    ImGui.Text($"FPS: {currentFps}");
-                    ImGui.Text($"Delta: {timing.DeltaTime * 1000.0:F2} ms");
-                    ImGui.Text($"Camera: {cameraController.Name}");
-                    ImGui.Separator();
-                    var cam = cameraEntity.Get<Camera>();
-                    ImGui.Text($"Pos: ({cam.Position.X:F2}, {cam.Position.Y:F2}, {cam.Position.Z:F2})");
-                    ImGui.Text($"Target: ({cam.Target.X:F2}, {cam.Target.Y:F2}, {cam.Target.Z:F2})");
-                    ImGui.Separator();
-
-                    var entityCount = 0;
-                    world.Each((Entity e, ref Transform _) => entityCount++);
-                    ImGui.Text($"Entities: {entityCount}");
-                    ImGui.Text($"Press F to toggle camera");
-
-                    ImGui.Separator();
-                    ImGui.Text("Lights:");
-                    world.Each((Entity e, ref Light light) =>
-                    {
-                        ImGui.Text($"  {e.Name()}: {light.Type} I={light.Intensity:F1}");
-                    });
-
-                    ImGui.End();
-                    ImGui.Render();
                 }
 
                 renderer.RenderWorld(world);
-                queue.CompletePendingScreenshots();
 
                 frames++;
                 if (timing.TotalTime - lastFpsTime >= 1.0)
                 {
-                    currentFps = frames;
                     Console.WriteLine($"FPS: {frames}, Delta: {timing.DeltaTime * 1000.0:F2} ms");
                     frames = 0;
                     lastFpsTime = timing.TotalTime;
@@ -303,181 +50,13 @@ class Program
             }
 
             Console.WriteLine("Shutting down...");
-            imGuiLayer?.Dispose();
-#if !RELEASE_AOT
-            if (mcpApp != null)
-                await mcpApp.StopAsync();
-            if (mcpTask != null)
-                await mcpTask;
-#endif
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {
             Console.WriteLine($"Fatal error: {ex}");
             Environment.Exit(1);
         }
-    }
 
-    private static void CreateDemoScene(World world, Mesh mesh)
+        await Task.CompletedTask;
-    {
-        var sphere = ProceduralMesh.CreateSphere(0.5f, 32, 16, new Vector3(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f));
-        var torusKnot = ObjLoader.Load("Content/torusknot.obj", new Vector3(0.8f, 0.8f, 0.8f));
-
-        var cubes = new (string name, Vector3 pos, Vector3 color, float scale, float rough, float metal)[]
-        {
-            ("CubeCenter", new Vector3(0, 5f, 0), new Vector3(0.9f, 0.6f, 0.3f), 0.5f, 0.3f, 0.1f),
-            ("CubeRed", new Vector3(0.3f, 7f, 0.3f), new Vector3(0.85f, 0.15f, 0.15f), 0.5f, 0.4f, 0.2f),
-            ("CubeGreen", new Vector3(-0.3f, 9f, -0.3f), new Vector3(0.2f, 0.8f, 0.3f), 0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f),
-            ("CubeBlue", new Vector3(0.1f, 11f, 0.1f), new Vector3(0.2f, 0.4f, 0.9f), 0.6f, 0.2f, 0.3f),
-            ("CubeYellow", new Vector3(-0.2f, 13f, 0.2f), new Vector3(0.95f, 0.85f, 0.2f), 0.5f, 0.6f, 0.0f),
-            ("CubeOrange", new Vector3(0.15f, 15f, -0.1f), new Vector3(0.95f, 0.5f, 0.1f), 0.45f, 0.5f, 0.1f),
-        };
-
-        foreach (var (name, pos, color, scale, rough, metal) in cubes)
-        {
-            world.Entity(name)
-                .Set(new Transform(pos, Quaternion.Identity, new Vector3(scale)))
-                .Set(mesh)
-                .Set(new Material(color, roughness: rough, metallic: metal))
-                .Set(RigidBody.DynamicBox(new Vector3(scale * 0.5f), mass: scale * 2f));
-        }
-
-        var spheres = new (string name, Vector3 pos, Vector3 color, float scale, float rough, float metal)[]
-        {
-            ("SphereGold",   new Vector3(3, 6f, -2), new Vector3(1.0f, 0.85f, 0.4f),  1.0f, 0.1f, 1.0f),
-            ("SphereChrome", new Vector3(-3, 8f, 0),  new Vector3(0.9f, 0.9f, 0.95f), 1.0f, 0.05f, 1.0f),
-            ("SphereRed",    new Vector3(3, 10f, 2),  new Vector3(0.9f, 0.1f, 0.1f),  1.0f, 0.4f, 0.0f),
-        };
-
-        foreach (var (name, pos, color, scale, rough, metal) in spheres)
-        {
-            world.Entity(name)
-                .Set(new Transform(pos, Quaternion.Identity, new Vector3(scale)))
-                .Set(sphere)
-                .Set(new Material(color, roughness: rough, metallic: metal))
-                .Set(RigidBody.DynamicSphere(scale * 0.5f, mass: scale));
-        }
-
-        world.Entity("TorusKnot")
-            .Set(new Transform(new Vector3(0, 0.5f, -6), Quaternion.Identity, new Vector3(1.5f)))
-            .Set(torusKnot)
-            .Set(new Material(new Vector3(0.9f, 0.9f, 0.9f), roughness: 0.25f, metallic: 0.6f));
-
-        world.Entity("Floor")
-            .Set(new Transform(new Vector3(0, -0.5f, 0), Quaternion.Identity, new Vector3(20, 0.5f, 20)))
-            .Set(mesh)
-            .Set(new Material(new Vector3(0.45f, 0.45f, 0.5f), roughness: 0.8f, metallic: 0.0f))
-            .Set(RigidBody.StaticPlane(20f));
-
-        world.Entity("Grid")
-            .Set(new Transform(new Vector3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), Quaternion.Identity, Vector3.One))
-            .Set(ProceduralMesh.CreateGrid(20, 1.0f, new Vector3(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.55f)))
-            .Set(new Material(new Vector3(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.55f), roughness: 0.9f, metallic: 0.0f));
-    }
-
-    private static void CreateCalibrationScene(World world, Mesh mesh)
-    {
-        var positions = new (string name, Vector3 pos, Vector3 color)[]
-        {
-            ("CubeOrigin", new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), new Vector3(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f)),
-            ("CubeRight", new Vector3(2.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), new Vector3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f)),
-            ("CubeLeft", new Vector3(-2.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f)),
-            ("CubeFront", new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 2.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f)),
-            ("CubeBack", new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, -2.0f), new Vector3(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f)),
-            ("CubeUp", new Vector3(0.0f, 2.5f, 0.0f), new Vector3(1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f)),
-            ("CubeFar", new Vector3(0.0f, 0.5f, 8.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f)),
-            ("CubeFarLeft", new Vector3(-5.0f, 0.5f, 5.0f), new Vector3(0.5f, 0.5f, 1.0f))
-        };
-
-        foreach (var (name, pos, color) in positions)
-        {
-            world.Entity(name)
-                .Set(new Transform(pos, Quaternion.Identity, new Vector3(0.5f)))
-                .Set(mesh)
-                .Set(new Material(color, roughness: 0.5f, metallic: 0.1f));
-        }
-
-        world.Entity("Grid")
-            .Set(new Transform(new Vector3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), Quaternion.Identity, Vector3.One))
-            .Set(ProceduralMesh.CreateGrid(20, 1.0f, new Vector3(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.55f)))
-            .Set(new Material(new Vector3(0.5f, 0.5f, 0.55f), roughness: 0.9f, metallic: 0.0f));
-    }
-
-    private static Mesh LoadModel(string path)
-    {
-        return path.EndsWith(".gltf", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
-            || path.EndsWith(".glb", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
-                ? GltfLoader.Load(path, new Vector3(0.7f, 0.6f, 0.5f))
-                : ObjLoader.Load(path, new Vector3(0.7f, 0.6f, 0.5f));
-    }
-
-    private static (string modelPath, int mcpPort) ParseArgs(string[] args)
-    {
-        var modelPath = FindModelPath(args);
-        var mcpPort = 5000;
-
-        for (var i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
-        {
-            if (args[i] == "--mcp-port" && i + 1 < args.Length && int.TryParse(args[i + 1], out var port))
-            {
-                mcpPort = port;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-
-        return (modelPath, mcpPort);
-    }
-
-    private static string FindModelPath(string[] args)
-    {
-        for (var i = 0; i < args.Length; i++)
-        {
-            var arg = args[i];
-            if (arg == "--mcp-port")
-            {
-                i++;
-                continue;
-            }
-
-            if (File.Exists(arg))
-                return arg;
-        }
-
-        var candidates = new[]
-        {
-            "Content/cube.obj",
-            "Models/cube.obj",
-            "cube.obj"
-        };
-
-        foreach (var candidate in candidates)
-        {
-            if (File.Exists(candidate))
-                return candidate;
-        }
-
-        throw new FileNotFoundException("No model file found. Pass a .obj/.gltf/.glb path as argument or place Content/cube.obj next to the executable.");
-    }
-
-    private static void RunMcpStdioServer()
-    {
-        Console.WriteLine("Starting headless stdio MCP server...");
-        using var world = World.Create();
-        var processor = new AiCommandProcessor(world, LoadModel, _ => { });
-        var server = new Engine.AI.Stdio.McpStdioServer(processor);
-        server.Run();
-    }
-
-    private readonly record struct CameraPose(string Name, Vector3 Position, Vector3 Target, Vector3 Up, float Fov = MathF.PI / 12.0f);
-
-    private static void SetCameraPose(Entity cameraEntity, CameraPose pose)
-    {
-        ref var camera = ref cameraEntity.Ensure<Camera>();
-        camera.Position = pose.Position;
-        camera.Target = pose.Target;
-        camera.Up = pose.Up;
-        camera.FieldOfView = pose.Fov;
-        cameraEntity.Set(camera);
-        Console.WriteLine($"Camera pose '{pose.Name}': pos={pose.Position}, target={pose.Target}, up={pose.Up}, fov={pose.Fov * 180f / MathF.PI:F0}°");
     }
 }

src/Engine.Core/Sdl3Window.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using System;
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using System.Text;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using SDL;
 
 namespace Engine.Core;
@@ -34,6 +35,8 @@ public sealed unsafe class Sdl3Window : IWindow
         var flags = SDL_WindowFlags.SDL_WINDOW_RESIZABLE;
         if (vulkanSurface)
             flags |= SDL_WindowFlags.SDL_WINDOW_VULKAN;
+        // Keep the window on top of the terminal at startup so it is actually visible.
+        flags |= SDL_WindowFlags.SDL_WINDOW_ALWAYS_ON_TOP;
 
         var titleBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(title + '\0');
         fixed (byte* titlePtr = titleBytes)
@@ -51,6 +54,14 @@ public sealed unsafe class Sdl3Window : IWindow
         // the window. Pump events to flush the show request without blocking.
         SDL_Event flushEvt;
         while (SDL3.SDL_PollEvent(&flushEvt)) { }
+
+        // Release always-on-top after a short delay so the user can focus other windows.
+        var window = _window;
+        Task.Run(() =>
+        {
+            System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(1000);
+            SDL3.SDL_SetWindowAlwaysOnTop(window, false);
+        });
     }
 
     public void PumpEvents()

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan.csproj

@@ -17,20 +17,14 @@
     <PublishAot>true</PublishAot>
   </PropertyGroup>
 
-  <ItemGroup>
-    <PackageReference Include="ImGui.NET" Version="1.91.6.1" />
-    <PackageReference Include="Flecs.NET.Debug" Version="4.0.4-build.546" Condition="'$(Configuration)' == 'Debug'" />
-    <PackageReference Include="Flecs.NET.Release" Version="4.0.4-build.546" Condition="'$(Configuration)' == 'Release' OR '$(Configuration)' == 'ReleaseAOT'" />
-  </ItemGroup>
-
   <ItemGroup>
     <ProjectReference Include="..\Engine.Core\Engine.Core.csproj" />
     <ProjectReference Include="..\Engine.Graphics\Engine.Graphics.csproj" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
   <ItemGroup>
-    <Content Include="Shaders\*.spv" CopyToOutputDirectory="PreserveNewest">
+    <Content Include="Shaders\*.spv">
-      <Link>Shaders\%(Filename)%(Extension)</Link>
+      <CopyToOutputDirectory>PreserveNewest</CopyToOutputDirectory>
     </Content>
   </ItemGroup>
 

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/PngEncoder.cs

@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-namespace Engine.Graphics.Vulkan;
-
-internal static class PngEncoder
-{
-    public static byte[] EncodeRgbaToPng(byte[] rgba, int width, int height)
-    {
-        return EncodeRgbaToBmp(rgba, width, height);
-    }
-
-    private static byte[] EncodeRgbaToBmp(byte[] rgba, int width, int height)
-    {
-        var rowSize = width * 4;
-        var pixelDataSize = rowSize * height;
-        var fileSize = 54 + pixelDataSize;
-
-        var bmp = new byte[fileSize];
-
-        bmp[0] = (byte)'B';
-        bmp[1] = (byte)'M';
-        WriteUInt32LittleEndian(bmp, 2, (uint)fileSize);
-        WriteUInt32LittleEndian(bmp, 10, 54u);
-        WriteUInt32LittleEndian(bmp, 14, 40u);
-        WriteUInt32LittleEndian(bmp, 18, (uint)width);
-        WriteUInt32LittleEndian(bmp, 22, (uint)height);
-        WriteUInt16LittleEndian(bmp, 26, 1);
-        WriteUInt16LittleEndian(bmp, 28, 32);
-        WriteUInt32LittleEndian(bmp, 34, (uint)pixelDataSize);
-
-        for (var y = 0; y < height; y++)
-        {
-            var srcRow = (height - 1 - y) * width * 4;
-            var dstRow = 54 + y * rowSize;
-            for (var x = 0; x < width; x++)
-            {
-                bmp[dstRow + x * 4 + 0] = rgba[srcRow + x * 4 + 2];
-                bmp[dstRow + x * 4 + 1] = rgba[srcRow + x * 4 + 1];
-                bmp[dstRow + x * 4 + 2] = rgba[srcRow + x * 4 + 0];
-                bmp[dstRow + x * 4 + 3] = rgba[srcRow + x * 4 + 3];
-            }
-        }
-
-        return bmp;
-    }
-
-    private static void WriteUInt32LittleEndian(byte[] buf, int offset, uint value)
-    {
-        buf[offset] = (byte)value;
-        buf[offset + 1] = (byte)(value >> 8);
-        buf[offset + 2] = (byte)(value >> 16);
-        buf[offset + 3] = (byte)(value >> 24);
-    }
-
-    private static void WriteUInt16LittleEndian(byte[] buf, int offset, ushort value)
-    {
-        buf[offset] = (byte)value;
-        buf[offset + 1] = (byte)(value >> 8);
-    }
-}

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/Shaders/fragment.frag

@@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
-#version 450
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec3 fragColor;
-layout(location = 1) in vec3 fragNormal;
-layout(location = 2) in vec3 fragWorldPos;
-layout(location = 3) in vec3 fragViewDir;
-
-layout(set = 0, binding = 0) uniform FrameUBO {
-    vec3 cameraPosition;
-    uint lightCount;
-    vec3 ambientColor;
-    float pad0;
-    vec4 lightData[16];
-} frame;
-
-layout(push_constant) uniform PushConstants {
-    mat4 mvp;
-    mat4 model;
-    vec4 material;
-} pc;
-
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 outColor;
-
-vec3 ACESFilm(vec3 x) {
-    float a = 2.51;
-    float b = 0.03;
-    float c = 2.43;
-    float d = 0.59;
-    float e = 0.14;
-    return clamp((x * (a * x + b)) / (x * (c * x + d) + e), 0.0, 1.0);
-}
-
-void main() {
-    vec3 albedo = fragColor * pc.material.rgb;
-    float roughness = clamp(pc.material.a, 0.05, 1.0);
-
-    vec3 N = normalize(fragNormal);
-    vec3 V = normalize(fragViewDir);
-
-    vec3 finalColor = frame.ambientColor * albedo;
-
-    for (uint i = 0u; i < frame.lightCount && i < 16u; i++) {
-        vec4 dirIntensity = frame.lightData[i * 2];
-        vec4 colorRange = frame.lightData[i * 2 + 1];
-
-        vec3 lightDir;
-        float attenuation;
-
-        if (dirIntensity.w < 0.0) {
-            lightDir = normalize(-dirIntensity.xyz);
-            attenuation = abs(dirIntensity.w);
-        } else {
-            vec3 toLight = dirIntensity.xyz - fragWorldPos;
-            float dist = length(toLight);
-            lightDir = toLight / max(dist, 0.001);
-            float range = max(colorRange.w, 0.001);
-            attenuation = dirIntensity.w * max(0.0, 1.0 - dist / range);
-            attenuation /= max(dist * dist * 0.01, 0.01);
-        }
-
-        vec3 H = normalize(V + lightDir);
-        float NdotL = max(dot(N, lightDir), 0.0);
-        float NdotH = max(dot(N, H), 0.0);
-
-        float specPower = mix(128.0, 4.0, roughness);
-        float specIntensity = pow(NdotH, specPower);
-
-        vec3 specular = vec3(specIntensity) * colorRange.rgb;
-        vec3 diffuse = albedo * NdotL * colorRange.rgb;
-
-        finalColor += (diffuse + specular) * attenuation;
-    }
-
-    finalColor = ACESFilm(finalColor);
-    finalColor = pow(finalColor, vec3(1.0 / 2.2));
-
-    outColor = vec4(finalColor, 1.0);
-}

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/Shaders/imgui.frag

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-#version 450
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 fragUV;
-layout(location = 1) in vec4 fragColor;
-
-layout(set = 0, binding = 0) uniform sampler2D fontTexture;
-
-layout(location = 0) out vec4 outColor;
-
-void main() {
-    outColor = fragColor * texture(fontTexture, fragUV);
-}

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/Shaders/imgui.vert

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-#version 450
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec2 inPos;
-layout(location = 1) in vec2 inUV;
-layout(location = 2) in vec4 inColor;
-
-layout(push_constant) uniform PushConstants {
-    vec2 scale;
-    vec2 translate;
-} pc;
-
-layout(location = 0) out vec2 fragUV;
-layout(location = 1) out vec4 fragColor;
-
-void main() {
-    fragUV = inUV;
-    fragColor = inColor;
-    gl_Position = vec4(inPos * pc.scale + pc.translate, 0.0, 1.0);
-}

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/Shaders/triangle.frag

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#version 450
+
+layout(location = 0) in vec3 fragColor;
+layout(location = 0) out vec4 outColor;
+
+void main() {
+    outColor = vec4(fragColor, 1.0);
+}

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/Shaders/triangle.vert

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#version 450
+
+layout(location = 0) in vec3 inPosition;
+layout(location = 1) in vec3 inColor;
+layout(location = 2) in vec3 inNormal;
+
+layout(location = 0) out vec3 fragColor;
+
+void main() {
+    gl_Position = vec4(inPosition, 1.0);
+    fragColor = inColor;
+}

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/Shaders/vertex.vert

@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-#version 450
-
-layout(location = 0) in vec3 inPosition;
-layout(location = 1) in vec3 inColor;
-layout(location = 2) in vec3 inNormal;
-
-layout(set = 0, binding = 0) uniform FrameUBO {
-    vec3 cameraPosition;
-    uint lightCount;
-    vec3 ambientColor;
-    float pad0;
-    vec4 lightData[16];
-} frame;
-
-layout(push_constant) uniform PushConstants {
-    mat4 mvp;
-    mat4 model;
-    vec4 material;
-} pc;
-
-layout(location = 0) out vec3 fragColor;
-layout(location = 1) out vec3 fragNormal;
-layout(location = 2) out vec3 fragWorldPos;
-layout(location = 3) out vec3 fragViewDir;
-
-void main() {
-    vec4 worldPos = pc.model * vec4(inPosition, 1.0);
-    gl_Position = pc.mvp * vec4(inPosition, 1.0);
-
-    // Vulkan clip space: Y-down, Z [0,1] — convert from OpenGL Y-up, Z [-1,1]
-    gl_Position.y = -gl_Position.y;
-    gl_Position.z = (gl_Position.z + gl_Position.w) * 0.5;
-
-    fragColor = inColor;
-    fragNormal = normalize(mat3(pc.model) * inNormal);
-    fragWorldPos = worldPos.xyz;
-    fragViewDir = normalize(frame.cameraPosition - worldPos.xyz);
-}

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/Vk.cs

@@ -2,408 +2,251 @@ using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
 namespace Engine.Graphics.Vulkan;
 
-public static unsafe class Vk
+internal static unsafe class Vk
 {
-    public static VkInstance Instance;
+    public delegate VkResult VkCreateInstance(VkInstanceCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, nint pAllocator, VkInstance* pInstance);
-    public static VkDevice Device;
+    public delegate void VkDestroyInstance(VkInstance instance, nint pAllocator);
+    public delegate VkResult VkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(VkInstance instance, uint* pPhysicalDeviceCount, VkPhysicalDevice* pPhysicalDevices);
+    public delegate void VkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkPhysicalDeviceProperties* pProperties);
+    public delegate void VkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties* pMemoryProperties);
+    public delegate void VkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, uint* pQueueFamilyPropertyCount, VkQueueFamilyProperties* pQueueFamilyProperties);
+    public delegate VkResult VkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, uint queueFamilyIndex, VkSurfaceKHR surface, VkBool32* pSupported);
+    public delegate VkResult VkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkSurfaceKHR surface, VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR* pSurfaceCapabilities);
+    public delegate VkResult VkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkSurfaceKHR surface, uint* pSurfaceFormatCount, VkSurfaceFormatKHR* pSurfaceFormats);
+    public delegate VkResult VkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkSurfaceKHR surface, uint* pPresentModeCount, VkPresentModeKHR* pPresentModes);
+    public delegate VkResult VkCreateDevice(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkDeviceCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, nint pAllocator, VkDevice* pDevice);
+    public delegate void VkDestroyDevice(VkDevice device, nint pAllocator);
+    public delegate void VkDestroySurfaceKHR(VkInstance instance, VkSurfaceKHR surface, nint pAllocator);
+    public delegate nint VkGetDeviceProcAddr(VkDevice device, byte* pName);
 
-    public static PFN_vkCreateInstance vkCreateInstance;
+    public delegate void VkGetDeviceQueue(VkDevice device, uint queueFamilyIndex, uint queueIndex, VkQueue* pQueue);
-    public static PFN_vkDestroyInstance vkDestroyInstance;
+    public delegate VkResult VkCreateSwapchainKHR(VkDevice device, VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR* pCreateInfo, nint pAllocator, VkSwapchainKHR* pSwapchain);
-    public static PFN_vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices;
+    public delegate void VkDestroySwapchainKHR(VkDevice device, VkSwapchainKHR swapchain, nint pAllocator);
-    public static PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties;
+    public delegate VkResult VkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(VkDevice device, VkSwapchainKHR swapchain, uint* pSwapchainImageCount, VkImage* pSwapchainImages);
-    public static PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties;
+    public delegate VkResult VkCreateImageView(VkDevice device, VkImageViewCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, nint pAllocator, VkImageView* pImageView);
-    public static PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties;
+    public delegate void VkDestroyImageView(VkDevice device, VkImageView imageView, nint pAllocator);
-    public static PFN_vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties;
+    public delegate VkResult VkCreateShaderModule(VkDevice device, VkShaderModuleCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, nint pAllocator, VkShaderModule* pShaderModule);
-    public static PFN_vkCreateDevice vkCreateDevice;
+    public delegate void VkDestroyShaderModule(VkDevice device, VkShaderModule shaderModule, nint pAllocator);
-    public static PFN_vkDestroyDevice vkDestroyDevice;
+    public delegate VkResult VkCreatePipelineLayout(VkDevice device, VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, nint pAllocator, VkPipelineLayout* pPipelineLayout);
-    public static PFN_vkGetDeviceQueue vkGetDeviceQueue;
+    public delegate void VkDestroyPipelineLayout(VkDevice device, VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout, nint pAllocator);
-    public static PFN_vkCreateSwapchainKHR vkCreateSwapchainKHR;
+    public delegate VkResult VkCreateGraphicsPipelines(VkDevice device, nint pipelineCache, uint createInfoCount, VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo* pCreateInfos, nint pAllocator, VkPipeline* pPipelines);
-    public static PFN_vkDestroySwapchainKHR vkDestroySwapchainKHR;
+    public delegate void VkDestroyPipeline(VkDevice device, VkPipeline pipeline, nint pAllocator);
-    public static PFN_vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR;
+    public delegate VkResult VkCreateCommandPool(VkDevice device, VkCommandPoolCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, nint pAllocator, VkCommandPool* pCommandPool);
-    public static PFN_vkCreateImageView vkCreateImageView;
+    public delegate void VkDestroyCommandPool(VkDevice device, VkCommandPool commandPool, nint pAllocator);
-    public static PFN_vkDestroyImageView vkDestroyImageView;
+    public delegate VkResult VkAllocateCommandBuffers(VkDevice device, VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo* pAllocateInfo, VkCommandBuffer* pCommandBuffers);
-    public static PFN_vkCreateImage vkCreateImage;
+    public delegate void VkFreeCommandBuffers(VkDevice device, VkCommandPool commandPool, uint commandBufferCount, VkCommandBuffer* pCommandBuffers);
-    public static PFN_vkDestroyImage vkDestroyImage;
+    public delegate VkResult VkBeginCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkCommandBufferBeginInfo* pBeginInfo);
-    public static PFN_vkGetImageMemoryRequirements vkGetImageMemoryRequirements;
+    public delegate VkResult VkEndCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer);
-    public static PFN_vkBindImageMemory vkBindImageMemory;
+    public delegate VkResult VkResetCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint flags);
-    public static PFN_vkCreateRenderPass vkCreateRenderPass;
+    public delegate VkResult VkCreateSemaphore(VkDevice device, VkSemaphoreCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, nint pAllocator, VkSemaphore* pSemaphore);
-    public static PFN_vkDestroyRenderPass vkDestroyRenderPass;
+    public delegate void VkDestroySemaphore(VkDevice device, VkSemaphore semaphore, nint pAllocator);
-    public static PFN_vkCreateFramebuffer vkCreateFramebuffer;
+    public delegate VkResult VkCreateFence(VkDevice device, VkFenceCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, nint pAllocator, VkFence* pFence);
-    public static PFN_vkDestroyFramebuffer vkDestroyFramebuffer;
+    public delegate void VkDestroyFence(VkDevice device, VkFence fence, nint pAllocator);
-    public static PFN_vkCreateShaderModule vkCreateShaderModule;
+    public delegate VkResult VkResetFences(VkDevice device, uint fenceCount, VkFence* pFences);
-    public static PFN_vkDestroyShaderModule vkDestroyShaderModule;
+    public delegate VkResult VkWaitForFences(VkDevice device, uint fenceCount, VkFence* pFences, VkBool32 waitAll, ulong timeout);
-    public static PFN_vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout;
+    public delegate VkResult VkGetFenceStatus(VkDevice device, VkFence fence);
-    public static PFN_vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout;
+    public delegate VkResult VkCreateBuffer(VkDevice device, VkBufferCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, nint pAllocator, VkBuffer* pBuffer);
-    public static PFN_vkCreatePipelineLayout vkCreatePipelineLayout;
+    public delegate void VkDestroyBuffer(VkDevice device, VkBuffer buffer, nint pAllocator);
-    public static PFN_vkDestroyPipelineLayout vkDestroyPipelineLayout;
+    public delegate VkResult VkAllocateMemory(VkDevice device, VkMemoryAllocateInfo* pAllocateInfo, nint pAllocator, VkDeviceMemory* pMemory);
-    public static PFN_vkCreateGraphicsPipelines vkCreateGraphicsPipelines;
+    public delegate void VkFreeMemory(VkDevice device, VkDeviceMemory memory, nint pAllocator);
-    public static PFN_vkDestroyPipeline vkDestroyPipeline;
+    public delegate VkResult VkBindBufferMemory(VkDevice device, VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceMemory memory, ulong memoryOffset);
-    public static PFN_vkCreateDescriptorPool vkCreateDescriptorPool;
+    public delegate void VkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(VkDevice device, VkBuffer buffer, VkMemoryRequirements* pMemoryRequirements);
-    public static PFN_vkDestroyDescriptorPool vkDestroyDescriptorPool;
+    public delegate VkResult VkMapMemory(VkDevice device, VkDeviceMemory memory, ulong offset, ulong size, uint flags, void** ppData);
-    public static PFN_vkAllocateDescriptorSets vkAllocateDescriptorSets;
+    public delegate void VkUnmapMemory(VkDevice device, VkDeviceMemory memory);
-    public static PFN_vkUpdateDescriptorSets vkUpdateDescriptorSets;
+    public delegate void VkCmdBindPipeline(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkPipelineBindPoint pipelineBindPoint, VkPipeline pipeline);
-    public static PFN_vkCreateBuffer vkCreateBuffer;
+    public delegate void VkCmdSetViewport(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint firstViewport, uint viewportCount, VkViewport* pViewports);
-    public static PFN_vkDestroyBuffer vkDestroyBuffer;
+    public delegate void VkCmdSetScissor(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint firstScissor, uint scissorCount, VkRect2D* pScissors);
-    public static PFN_vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements;
+    public delegate void VkCmdBindVertexBuffers(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint firstBinding, uint bindingCount, VkBuffer* pBuffers, ulong* pOffsets);
-    public static PFN_vkBindBufferMemory vkBindBufferMemory;
+    public delegate void VkCmdDraw(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint vertexCount, uint instanceCount, uint firstVertex, uint firstInstance);
-    public static PFN_vkAllocateMemory vkAllocateMemory;
+    public delegate void VkCmdBeginRendering(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkRenderingInfo* pRenderingInfo);
-    public static PFN_vkFreeMemory vkFreeMemory;
+    public delegate void VkCmdEndRendering(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer);
-    public static PFN_vkMapMemory vkMapMemory;
+    public delegate void VkCmdPipelineBarrier2(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkDependencyInfo* pDependencyInfo);
-    public static PFN_vkUnmapMemory vkUnmapMemory;
+    public delegate void VkCmdCopyBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkBuffer srcBuffer, VkBuffer dstBuffer, uint regionCount, VkBufferCopy* pRegions);
-    public static PFN_vkCreateCommandPool vkCreateCommandPool;
+    public delegate VkResult VkAcquireNextImageKHR(VkDevice device, VkSwapchainKHR swapchain, ulong timeout, VkSemaphore semaphore, VkFence fence, uint* pImageIndex);
-    public static PFN_vkDestroyCommandPool vkDestroyCommandPool;
+    public delegate VkResult VkQueueSubmit2(VkQueue queue, uint submitCount, VkSubmitInfo2* pSubmits, VkFence fence);
-    public static PFN_vkAllocateCommandBuffers vkAllocateCommandBuffers;
+    public delegate VkResult VkQueuePresentKHR(VkQueue queue, VkPresentInfoKHR* pPresentInfo);
-    public static PFN_vkFreeCommandBuffers vkFreeCommandBuffers;
+    public delegate VkResult VkDeviceWaitIdle(VkDevice device);
-    public static PFN_vkBeginCommandBuffer vkBeginCommandBuffer;
+    public delegate VkResult VkQueueWaitIdle(VkQueue queue);
-    public static PFN_vkEndCommandBuffer vkEndCommandBuffer;
-    public static PFN_vkResetCommandBuffer vkResetCommandBuffer;
-    public static PFN_vkQueueSubmit vkQueueSubmit;
-    public static PFN_vkQueueWaitIdle vkQueueWaitIdle;
-    public static PFN_vkQueuePresentKHR vkQueuePresentKHR;
-    public static PFN_vkAcquireNextImageKHR vkAcquireNextImageKHR;
-    public static PFN_vkCreateSemaphore vkCreateSemaphore;
-    public static PFN_vkDestroySemaphore vkDestroySemaphore;
-    public static PFN_vkCreateFence vkCreateFence;
-    public static PFN_vkDestroyFence vkDestroyFence;
-    public static PFN_vkWaitForFences vkWaitForFences;
-    public static PFN_vkResetFences vkResetFences;
-    public static PFN_vkCmdBeginRenderPass vkCmdBeginRenderPass;
-    public static PFN_vkCmdEndRenderPass vkCmdEndRenderPass;
-    public static PFN_vkCmdBindPipeline vkCmdBindPipeline;
-    public static PFN_vkCmdBindDescriptorSets vkCmdBindDescriptorSets;
-    public static PFN_vkCmdBindVertexBuffers vkCmdBindVertexBuffers;
-    public static PFN_vkCmdBindIndexBuffer vkCmdBindIndexBuffer;
-    public static PFN_vkCmdDrawIndexed vkCmdDrawIndexed;
-    public static PFN_vkCmdDraw vkCmdDraw;
-    public static PFN_vkCmdSetViewport vkCmdSetViewport;
-    public static PFN_vkCmdSetScissor vkCmdSetScissor;
-    public static PFN_vkCmdPipelineBarrier vkCmdPipelineBarrier;
-    public static PFN_vkCmdCopyBuffer vkCmdCopyBuffer;
-    public static PFN_vkCmdCopyBufferToImage vkCmdCopyBufferToImage;
-    public static PFN_vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer;
-    public static PFN_vkCmdClearColorImage vkCmdClearColorImage;
-    public static PFN_vkCmdPushConstants vkCmdPushConstants;
-    public static PFN_vkCreateSampler vkCreateSampler;
-    public static PFN_vkDestroySampler vkDestroySampler;
-    public static PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR;
-    public static PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR;
-    public static PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR;
-    public static PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR;
-    public static PFN_vkDestroySurfaceKHR vkDestroySurfaceKHR;
 
-    public static void LoadGlobalFunctions()
+    public delegate VkResult VkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo, nint pAllocator, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT* pMessenger);
-    {
+    public delegate void VkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT messenger, nint pAllocator);
-        VulkanNative.LoadLibrary();
-        var libHandle = VulkanNative.LoadLibrary();
 
-        var createInstancePtr = NativeLibrary.GetExport(libHandle, "vkCreateInstance");
+    public static VkCreateInstance vkCreateInstance;
-        vkCreateInstance = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<PFN_vkCreateInstance>(createInstancePtr);
+    public static VkDestroyInstance vkDestroyInstance;
-    }
+    public static VkEnumeratePhysicalDevices vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices;
+    public static VkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties;
+    public static VkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties;
+    public static VkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties;
+    public static VkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR;
+    public static VkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR;
+    public static VkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR;
+    public static VkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR;
+    public static VkCreateDevice vkCreateDevice;
+    public static VkDestroyDevice vkDestroyDevice;
+    public static VkDestroySurfaceKHR vkDestroySurfaceKHR;
+    public static VkGetDeviceProcAddr vkGetDeviceProcAddr;
+
+    public static VkGetDeviceQueue vkGetDeviceQueue;
+    public static VkCreateSwapchainKHR vkCreateSwapchainKHR;
+    public static VkDestroySwapchainKHR vkDestroySwapchainKHR;
+    public static VkGetSwapchainImagesKHR vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR;
+    public static VkCreateImageView vkCreateImageView;
+    public static VkDestroyImageView vkDestroyImageView;
+    public static VkCreateShaderModule vkCreateShaderModule;
+    public static VkDestroyShaderModule vkDestroyShaderModule;
+    public static VkCreatePipelineLayout vkCreatePipelineLayout;
+    public static VkDestroyPipelineLayout vkDestroyPipelineLayout;
+    public static VkCreateGraphicsPipelines vkCreateGraphicsPipelines;
+    public static VkDestroyPipeline vkDestroyPipeline;
+    public static VkCreateCommandPool vkCreateCommandPool;
+    public static VkDestroyCommandPool vkDestroyCommandPool;
+    public static VkAllocateCommandBuffers vkAllocateCommandBuffers;
+    public static VkFreeCommandBuffers vkFreeCommandBuffers;
+    public static VkBeginCommandBuffer vkBeginCommandBuffer;
+    public static VkEndCommandBuffer vkEndCommandBuffer;
+    public static VkResetCommandBuffer vkResetCommandBuffer;
+    public static VkCreateSemaphore vkCreateSemaphore;
+    public static VkDestroySemaphore vkDestroySemaphore;
+    public static VkCreateFence vkCreateFence;
+    public static VkDestroyFence vkDestroyFence;
+    public static VkResetFences vkResetFences;
+    public static VkWaitForFences vkWaitForFences;
+    public static VkGetFenceStatus vkGetFenceStatus;
+    public static VkCreateBuffer vkCreateBuffer;
+    public static VkDestroyBuffer vkDestroyBuffer;
+    public static VkAllocateMemory vkAllocateMemory;
+    public static VkFreeMemory vkFreeMemory;
+    public static VkBindBufferMemory vkBindBufferMemory;
+    public static VkGetBufferMemoryRequirements vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements;
+    public static VkMapMemory vkMapMemory;
+    public static VkUnmapMemory vkUnmapMemory;
+    public static VkCmdBindPipeline vkCmdBindPipeline;
+    public static VkCmdSetViewport vkCmdSetViewport;
+    public static VkCmdSetScissor vkCmdSetScissor;
+    public static VkCmdBindVertexBuffers vkCmdBindVertexBuffers;
+    public static VkCmdDraw vkCmdDraw;
+    public static VkCmdBeginRendering vkCmdBeginRendering;
+    public static VkCmdEndRendering vkCmdEndRendering;
+    public static VkCmdPipelineBarrier2 vkCmdPipelineBarrier2;
+    public static VkCmdCopyBuffer vkCmdCopyBuffer;
+    public static VkAcquireNextImageKHR vkAcquireNextImageKHR;
+    public static VkQueueSubmit2 vkQueueSubmit2;
+    public static VkQueuePresentKHR vkQueuePresentKHR;
+    public static VkDeviceWaitIdle vkDeviceWaitIdle;
+    public static VkQueueWaitIdle vkQueueWaitIdle;
+
+    public static VkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT;
+    public static VkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT;
 
     public static void LoadInstanceFunctions(VkInstance instance)
     {
-        Instance = instance;
+        var p = instance.Handle;
-
+        vkDestroyInstance = Load<VkDestroyInstance>(p, "vkDestroyInstance");
-        vkDestroyInstance = VulkanNative.LoadInstanceFunction<PFN_vkDestroyInstance>(instance, "vkDestroyInstance");
+        vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices = Load<VkEnumeratePhysicalDevices>(p, "vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices");
-        vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices = VulkanNative.LoadInstanceFunction<PFN_vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices>(instance, "vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices");
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties = Load<VkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties>(p, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties");
-        vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties = VulkanNative.LoadInstanceFunction<PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties>(instance, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties");
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties = Load<VkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties>(p, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties");
-        vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties = VulkanNative.LoadInstanceFunction<PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties>(instance, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties");
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties = Load<VkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties>(p, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties");
-        vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties = VulkanNative.LoadInstanceFunction<PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties>(instance, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties");
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR = Load<VkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR>(p, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR");
-        vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties = VulkanNative.LoadInstanceFunction<PFN_vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties>(instance, "vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties");
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR = Load<VkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR>(p, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR");
-        vkCreateDevice = VulkanNative.LoadInstanceFunction<PFN_vkCreateDevice>(instance, "vkCreateDevice");
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR = Load<VkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR>(p, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR");
-        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR = VulkanNative.LoadInstanceFunction<PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR>(instance, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR");
+        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR = Load<VkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR>(p, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR");
-        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR = VulkanNative.LoadInstanceFunction<PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR>(instance, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR");
+        vkCreateDevice = Load<VkCreateDevice>(p, "vkCreateDevice");
-        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR = VulkanNative.LoadInstanceFunction<PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR>(instance, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR");
+        vkDestroyDevice = Load<VkDestroyDevice>(p, "vkDestroyDevice");
-        vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR = VulkanNative.LoadInstanceFunction<PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR>(instance, "vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR");
+        vkDestroySurfaceKHR = Load<VkDestroySurfaceKHR>(p, "vkDestroySurfaceKHR");
-        vkDestroySurfaceKHR = VulkanNative.LoadInstanceFunction<PFN_vkDestroySurfaceKHR>(instance, "vkDestroySurfaceKHR");
+        vkGetDeviceProcAddr = Load<VkGetDeviceProcAddr>(p, "vkGetDeviceProcAddr");
+        TryLoadDebugUtils(p);
     }
 
     public static void LoadDeviceFunctions(VkDevice device)
     {
-        Device = device;
+        var p = device.Handle;
-
+        vkGetDeviceQueue = LoadDev<VkGetDeviceQueue>(p, "vkGetDeviceQueue");
-        vkDestroyDevice = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkDestroyDevice>(device, "vkDestroyDevice");
+        vkCreateSwapchainKHR = LoadDev<VkCreateSwapchainKHR>(p, "vkCreateSwapchainKHR");
-        vkGetDeviceQueue = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkGetDeviceQueue>(device, "vkGetDeviceQueue");
+        vkDestroySwapchainKHR = LoadDev<VkDestroySwapchainKHR>(p, "vkDestroySwapchainKHR");
-        vkCreateSwapchainKHR = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCreateSwapchainKHR>(device, "vkCreateSwapchainKHR");
+        vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR = LoadDev<VkGetSwapchainImagesKHR>(p, "vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR");
-        vkDestroySwapchainKHR = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkDestroySwapchainKHR>(device, "vkDestroySwapchainKHR");
+        vkCreateImageView = LoadDev<VkCreateImageView>(p, "vkCreateImageView");
-        vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR>(device, "vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR");
+        vkDestroyImageView = LoadDev<VkDestroyImageView>(p, "vkDestroyImageView");
-        vkCreateImageView = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCreateImageView>(device, "vkCreateImageView");
+        vkCreateShaderModule = LoadDev<VkCreateShaderModule>(p, "vkCreateShaderModule");
-        vkDestroyImageView = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkDestroyImageView>(device, "vkDestroyImageView");
+        vkDestroyShaderModule = LoadDev<VkDestroyShaderModule>(p, "vkDestroyShaderModule");
-        vkCreateImage = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCreateImage>(device, "vkCreateImage");
+        vkCreatePipelineLayout = LoadDev<VkCreatePipelineLayout>(p, "vkCreatePipelineLayout");
-        vkDestroyImage = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkDestroyImage>(device, "vkDestroyImage");
+        vkDestroyPipelineLayout = LoadDev<VkDestroyPipelineLayout>(p, "vkDestroyPipelineLayout");
-        vkGetImageMemoryRequirements = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkGetImageMemoryRequirements>(device, "vkGetImageMemoryRequirements");
+        vkCreateGraphicsPipelines = LoadDev<VkCreateGraphicsPipelines>(p, "vkCreateGraphicsPipelines");
-        vkBindImageMemory = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkBindImageMemory>(device, "vkBindImageMemory");
+        vkDestroyPipeline = LoadDev<VkDestroyPipeline>(p, "vkDestroyPipeline");
-        vkCreateRenderPass = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCreateRenderPass>(device, "vkCreateRenderPass");
+        vkCreateCommandPool = LoadDev<VkCreateCommandPool>(p, "vkCreateCommandPool");
-        vkDestroyRenderPass = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkDestroyRenderPass>(device, "vkDestroyRenderPass");
+        vkDestroyCommandPool = LoadDev<VkDestroyCommandPool>(p, "vkDestroyCommandPool");
-        vkCreateFramebuffer = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCreateFramebuffer>(device, "vkCreateFramebuffer");
+        vkAllocateCommandBuffers = LoadDev<VkAllocateCommandBuffers>(p, "vkAllocateCommandBuffers");
-        vkDestroyFramebuffer = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkDestroyFramebuffer>(device, "vkDestroyFramebuffer");
+        vkFreeCommandBuffers = LoadDev<VkFreeCommandBuffers>(p, "vkFreeCommandBuffers");
-        vkCreateShaderModule = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCreateShaderModule>(device, "vkCreateShaderModule");
+        vkBeginCommandBuffer = LoadDev<VkBeginCommandBuffer>(p, "vkBeginCommandBuffer");
-        vkDestroyShaderModule = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkDestroyShaderModule>(device, "vkDestroyShaderModule");
+        vkEndCommandBuffer = LoadDev<VkEndCommandBuffer>(p, "vkEndCommandBuffer");
-        vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout>(device, "vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout");
+        vkResetCommandBuffer = LoadDev<VkResetCommandBuffer>(p, "vkResetCommandBuffer");
-        vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout>(device, "vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout");
+        vkCreateSemaphore = LoadDev<VkCreateSemaphore>(p, "vkCreateSemaphore");
-        vkCreatePipelineLayout = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCreatePipelineLayout>(device, "vkCreatePipelineLayout");
+        vkDestroySemaphore = LoadDev<VkDestroySemaphore>(p, "vkDestroySemaphore");
-        vkDestroyPipelineLayout = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkDestroyPipelineLayout>(device, "vkDestroyPipelineLayout");
+        vkCreateFence = LoadDev<VkCreateFence>(p, "vkCreateFence");
-        vkCreateGraphicsPipelines = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCreateGraphicsPipelines>(device, "vkCreateGraphicsPipelines");
+        vkDestroyFence = LoadDev<VkDestroyFence>(p, "vkDestroyFence");
-        vkDestroyPipeline = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkDestroyPipeline>(device, "vkDestroyPipeline");
+        vkResetFences = LoadDev<VkResetFences>(p, "vkResetFences");
-        vkCreateDescriptorPool = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCreateDescriptorPool>(device, "vkCreateDescriptorPool");
+        vkWaitForFences = LoadDev<VkWaitForFences>(p, "vkWaitForFences");
-        vkDestroyDescriptorPool = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkDestroyDescriptorPool>(device, "vkDestroyDescriptorPool");
+        vkGetFenceStatus = LoadDev<VkGetFenceStatus>(p, "vkGetFenceStatus");
-        vkAllocateDescriptorSets = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkAllocateDescriptorSets>(device, "vkAllocateDescriptorSets");
+        vkCreateBuffer = LoadDev<VkCreateBuffer>(p, "vkCreateBuffer");
-        vkUpdateDescriptorSets = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkUpdateDescriptorSets>(device, "vkUpdateDescriptorSets");
+        vkDestroyBuffer = LoadDev<VkDestroyBuffer>(p, "vkDestroyBuffer");
-        vkCreateBuffer = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCreateBuffer>(device, "vkCreateBuffer");
+        vkAllocateMemory = LoadDev<VkAllocateMemory>(p, "vkAllocateMemory");
-        vkDestroyBuffer = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkDestroyBuffer>(device, "vkDestroyBuffer");
+        vkFreeMemory = LoadDev<VkFreeMemory>(p, "vkFreeMemory");
-        vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements>(device, "vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements");
+        vkBindBufferMemory = LoadDev<VkBindBufferMemory>(p, "vkBindBufferMemory");
-        vkBindBufferMemory = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkBindBufferMemory>(device, "vkBindBufferMemory");
+        vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements = LoadDev<VkGetBufferMemoryRequirements>(p, "vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements");
-        vkAllocateMemory = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkAllocateMemory>(device, "vkAllocateMemory");
+        vkMapMemory = LoadDev<VkMapMemory>(p, "vkMapMemory");
-        vkFreeMemory = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkFreeMemory>(device, "vkFreeMemory");
+        vkUnmapMemory = LoadDev<VkUnmapMemory>(p, "vkUnmapMemory");
-        vkMapMemory = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkMapMemory>(device, "vkMapMemory");
+        vkCmdBindPipeline = LoadDev<VkCmdBindPipeline>(p, "vkCmdBindPipeline");
-        vkUnmapMemory = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkUnmapMemory>(device, "vkUnmapMemory");
+        vkCmdSetViewport = LoadDev<VkCmdSetViewport>(p, "vkCmdSetViewport");
-        vkCreateCommandPool = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCreateCommandPool>(device, "vkCreateCommandPool");
+        vkCmdSetScissor = LoadDev<VkCmdSetScissor>(p, "vkCmdSetScissor");
-        vkDestroyCommandPool = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkDestroyCommandPool>(device, "vkDestroyCommandPool");
+        vkCmdBindVertexBuffers = LoadDev<VkCmdBindVertexBuffers>(p, "vkCmdBindVertexBuffers");
-        vkAllocateCommandBuffers = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkAllocateCommandBuffers>(device, "vkAllocateCommandBuffers");
+        vkCmdDraw = LoadDev<VkCmdDraw>(p, "vkCmdDraw");
-        vkFreeCommandBuffers = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkFreeCommandBuffers>(device, "vkFreeCommandBuffers");
+        vkCmdBeginRendering = LoadDev<VkCmdBeginRendering>(p, "vkCmdBeginRendering");
-        vkBeginCommandBuffer = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkBeginCommandBuffer>(device, "vkBeginCommandBuffer");
+        vkCmdEndRendering = LoadDev<VkCmdEndRendering>(p, "vkCmdEndRendering");
-        vkEndCommandBuffer = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkEndCommandBuffer>(device, "vkEndCommandBuffer");
+        vkCmdPipelineBarrier2 = LoadDev<VkCmdPipelineBarrier2>(p, "vkCmdPipelineBarrier2");
-        vkResetCommandBuffer = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkResetCommandBuffer>(device, "vkResetCommandBuffer");
+        vkCmdCopyBuffer = LoadDev<VkCmdCopyBuffer>(p, "vkCmdCopyBuffer");
-        vkQueueSubmit = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkQueueSubmit>(device, "vkQueueSubmit");
+        vkAcquireNextImageKHR = LoadDev<VkAcquireNextImageKHR>(p, "vkAcquireNextImageKHR");
-        vkQueueWaitIdle = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkQueueWaitIdle>(device, "vkQueueWaitIdle");
+        vkQueueSubmit2 = LoadDev<VkQueueSubmit2>(p, "vkQueueSubmit2");
-        vkQueuePresentKHR = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkQueuePresentKHR>(device, "vkQueuePresentKHR");
+        vkQueuePresentKHR = LoadDev<VkQueuePresentKHR>(p, "vkQueuePresentKHR");
-        vkAcquireNextImageKHR = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkAcquireNextImageKHR>(device, "vkAcquireNextImageKHR");
+        vkDeviceWaitIdle = LoadDev<VkDeviceWaitIdle>(p, "vkDeviceWaitIdle");
-        vkCreateSemaphore = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCreateSemaphore>(device, "vkCreateSemaphore");
+        vkQueueWaitIdle = LoadDev<VkQueueWaitIdle>(p, "vkQueueWaitIdle");
-        vkDestroySemaphore = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkDestroySemaphore>(device, "vkDestroySemaphore");
-        vkCreateFence = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCreateFence>(device, "vkCreateFence");
-        vkDestroyFence = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkDestroyFence>(device, "vkDestroyFence");
-        vkWaitForFences = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkWaitForFences>(device, "vkWaitForFences");
-        vkResetFences = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkResetFences>(device, "vkResetFences");
-        vkCmdBeginRenderPass = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCmdBeginRenderPass>(device, "vkCmdBeginRenderPass");
-        vkCmdEndRenderPass = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCmdEndRenderPass>(device, "vkCmdEndRenderPass");
-        vkCmdBindPipeline = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCmdBindPipeline>(device, "vkCmdBindPipeline");
-        vkCmdBindDescriptorSets = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCmdBindDescriptorSets>(device, "vkCmdBindDescriptorSets");
-        vkCmdBindVertexBuffers = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCmdBindVertexBuffers>(device, "vkCmdBindVertexBuffers");
-        vkCmdBindIndexBuffer = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCmdBindIndexBuffer>(device, "vkCmdBindIndexBuffer");
-        vkCmdDrawIndexed = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCmdDrawIndexed>(device, "vkCmdDrawIndexed");
-        vkCmdDraw = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCmdDraw>(device, "vkCmdDraw");
-        vkCmdSetViewport = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCmdSetViewport>(device, "vkCmdSetViewport");
-        vkCmdSetScissor = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCmdSetScissor>(device, "vkCmdSetScissor");
-        vkCmdPipelineBarrier = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCmdPipelineBarrier>(device, "vkCmdPipelineBarrier");
-        vkCmdCopyBuffer = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCmdCopyBuffer>(device, "vkCmdCopyBuffer");
-        vkCmdCopyBufferToImage = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCmdCopyBufferToImage>(device, "vkCmdCopyBufferToImage");
-        vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer>(device, "vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer");
-        vkCmdClearColorImage = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCmdClearColorImage>(device, "vkCmdClearColorImage");
-        vkCmdPushConstants = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCmdPushConstants>(device, "vkCmdPushConstants");
-        vkCreateSampler = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkCreateSampler>(device, "vkCreateSampler");
-        vkDestroySampler = VulkanNative.LoadDeviceFunction<PFN_vkDestroySampler>(device, "vkDestroySampler");
     }
 
-    private static T Load<T>(nint libHandle, string name) where T : Delegate
+    private static void TryLoadDebugUtils(nint instance)
     {
-        var ptr = NativeLibrary.GetExport(libHandle, name);
+        try
-        if (ptr == 0)
+        {
-            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Failed to load Vulkan function: {name}");
+            vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT = Load<VkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT>(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
-        return Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<T>(ptr);
+            vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT = Load<VkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT>(instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT = null!;
+            vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT = null!;
+        }
     }
 
-    public static void CheckResult(VkResult result, string operation)
+    private static T Load<T>(nint instance, string name) where T : Delegate
     {
-        if (result != VkResult.Success && result != VkResult.SuboptimalKHR)
+        fixed (byte* pName = VulkanString.ToUtf8Terminated(name))
-            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Vulkan error {result} during: {operation}");
+        {
+            var addr = VulkanNative.vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, pName);
+            if (addr == 0)
+                throw new EntryPointNotFoundException($"vkGetInstanceProcAddr returned null for: {name}");
+            return Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<T>(addr);
+        }
     }
 
-    public static byte[] ToUtf8NullTerminated(string s)
+    private static T LoadDev<T>(nint device, string name) where T : Delegate
     {
-        var bytes = new byte[System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetByteCount(s) + 1];
+        fixed (byte* pName = VulkanString.ToUtf8Terminated(name))
-        System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(s, 0, s.Length, bytes, 0);
+        {
-        return bytes;
+            var addr = vkGetDeviceProcAddr(new VkDevice { Handle = device }, pName);
-    }
+            if (addr == 0)
-
+            {
-    public static byte* AllocUtf8(string s)
+                addr = VulkanNative.vkGetInstanceProcAddr(0, pName);
-    {
+                if (addr == 0)
-        var bytes = ToUtf8NullTerminated(s);
+                    throw new EntryPointNotFoundException($"vkGetDeviceProcAddr returned null for: {name}");
-        var ptr = (byte*)Marshal.AllocHGlobal(bytes.Length);
+            }
-        Marshal.Copy(bytes, 0, (nint)ptr, bytes.Length);
+            return Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<T>(addr);
-        return ptr;
+        }
-    }
-
-    public static void FreeUtf8(byte* ptr) => Marshal.FreeHGlobal((nint)ptr);
-
-    public static byte** AllocStringArray(string[] strings)
-    {
-        var ptrArray = (byte**)Marshal.AllocHGlobal(strings.Length * sizeof(nint));
-        for (var i = 0; i < strings.Length; i++)
-            ptrArray[i] = AllocUtf8(strings[i]);
-        return ptrArray;
-    }
-
-    public static void FreeStringArray(byte** ptrArray, int count)
-    {
-        for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)
-            FreeUtf8(ptrArray[i]);
-        Marshal.FreeHGlobal((nint)ptrArray);
     }
 }
-
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkCreateInstance(VkInstanceCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, void* pAllocator, VkInstance* pInstance);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkDestroyInstance(VkInstance instance, void* pAllocator);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(VkInstance instance, uint* pPhysicalDeviceCount, VkPhysicalDevice* pPhysicalDevices);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkPhysicalDeviceProperties* pProperties);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, uint* pQueueFamilyPropertyCount, VkQueueFamilyProperties* pQueueFamilyProperties);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties* pMemoryProperties);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, byte* pLayerName, uint* pPropertyCount, VkExtensionProperties* pProperties);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkCreateDevice(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkDeviceCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, void* pAllocator, VkDevice* pDevice);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkDestroyDevice(VkDevice device, void* pAllocator);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkGetDeviceQueue(VkDevice device, uint queueFamilyIndex, uint queueIndex, VkQueue* pQueue);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkCreateSwapchainKHR(VkDevice device, VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR* pCreateInfo, void* pAllocator, VkSwapchainKHR* pSwapchain);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkDestroySwapchainKHR(VkDevice device, VkSwapchainKHR swapchain, void* pAllocator);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(VkDevice device, VkSwapchainKHR swapchain, uint* pSwapchainImageCount, VkImage* pSwapchainImages);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkCreateImageView(VkDevice device, VkImageViewCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, void* pAllocator, VkImageView* pView);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkDestroyImageView(VkDevice device, VkImageView imageView, void* pAllocator);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkCreateImage(VkDevice device, VkImageCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, void* pAllocator, VkImage* pImage);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkDestroyImage(VkDevice device, VkImage image, void* pAllocator);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(VkDevice device, VkImage image, void* pMemoryRequirements);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkBindImageMemory(VkDevice device, VkImage image, VkDeviceMemory memory, ulong memoryOffset);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkCreateRenderPass(VkDevice device, VkRenderPassCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, void* pAllocator, VkRenderPass* pRenderPass);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkDestroyRenderPass(VkDevice device, VkRenderPass renderPass, void* pAllocator);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkCreateFramebuffer(VkDevice device, VkFramebufferCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, void* pAllocator, VkFramebuffer* pFramebuffer);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkDestroyFramebuffer(VkDevice device, VkFramebuffer framebuffer, void* pAllocator);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkCreateShaderModule(VkDevice device, VkShaderModuleCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, void* pAllocator, VkShaderModule* pShaderModule);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkDestroyShaderModule(VkDevice device, VkShaderModule shaderModule, void* pAllocator);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(VkDevice device, VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, void* pAllocator, VkDescriptorSetLayout* pSetLayout);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(VkDevice device, VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout, void* pAllocator);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkCreatePipelineLayout(VkDevice device, VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, void* pAllocator, VkPipelineLayout* pPipelineLayout);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkDestroyPipelineLayout(VkDevice device, VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout, void* pAllocator);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(VkDevice device, ulong pipelineCache, uint createInfoCount, VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo* pCreateInfos, void* pAllocator, VkPipeline* pPipelines);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkDestroyPipeline(VkDevice device, VkPipeline pipeline, void* pAllocator);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkCreateDescriptorPool(VkDevice device, VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, void* pAllocator, VkDescriptorPool* pDescriptorPool);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkDestroyDescriptorPool(VkDevice device, VkDescriptorPool descriptorPool, void* pAllocator);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkAllocateDescriptorSets(VkDevice device, VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo* pAllocateInfo, VkDescriptorSet* pDescriptorSets);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkUpdateDescriptorSets(VkDevice device, uint descriptorWriteCount, VkWriteDescriptorSet* pDescriptorWrites, uint descriptorCopyCount, void* pDescriptorCopies);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkCreateBuffer(VkDevice device, VkBufferCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, void* pAllocator, VkBuffer* pBuffer);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkDestroyBuffer(VkDevice device, VkBuffer buffer, void* pAllocator);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(VkDevice device, VkBuffer buffer, void* pMemoryRequirements);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkBindBufferMemory(VkDevice device, VkBuffer buffer, VkDeviceMemory memory, ulong memoryOffset);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkAllocateMemory(VkDevice device, VkMemoryAllocateInfo* pAllocateInfo, void* pAllocator, VkDeviceMemory* pMemory);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkFreeMemory(VkDevice device, VkDeviceMemory memory, void* pAllocator);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkMapMemory(VkDevice device, VkDeviceMemory memory, ulong offset, ulong size, uint flags, void** ppData);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkUnmapMemory(VkDevice device, VkDeviceMemory memory);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkCreateCommandPool(VkDevice device, VkCommandPoolCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, void* pAllocator, VkCommandPool* pCommandPool);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkDestroyCommandPool(VkDevice device, VkCommandPool commandPool, void* pAllocator);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkAllocateCommandBuffers(VkDevice device, VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo* pAllocateInfo, VkCommandBuffer* pCommandBuffers);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkFreeCommandBuffers(VkDevice device, VkCommandPool commandPool, uint commandBufferCount, VkCommandBuffer* pCommandBuffers);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkBeginCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkCommandBufferBeginInfo* pBeginInfo);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkEndCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkResetCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint flags);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkQueueSubmit(VkQueue queue, uint submitCount, VkSubmitInfo* pSubmits, VkFence fence);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkQueueWaitIdle(VkQueue queue);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkQueuePresentKHR(VkQueue queue, VkPresentInfoKHR* pPresentInfo);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkAcquireNextImageKHR(VkDevice device, VkSwapchainKHR swapchain, ulong timeout, VkSemaphore semaphore, VkFence fence, uint* pImageIndex);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkCreateSemaphore(VkDevice device, VkSemaphoreCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, void* pAllocator, VkSemaphore* pSemaphore);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkDestroySemaphore(VkDevice device, VkSemaphore semaphore, void* pAllocator);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkCreateFence(VkDevice device, VkFenceCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, void* pAllocator, VkFence* pFence);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkDestroyFence(VkDevice device, VkFence fence, void* pAllocator);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkWaitForFences(VkDevice device, uint fenceCount, VkFence* pFences, uint waitAll, ulong timeout);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkResetFences(VkDevice device, uint fenceCount, VkFence* pFences);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkCmdBeginRenderPass(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkRenderPassBeginInfo* pRenderPassBegin, VkSubpassContents contents);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkCmdEndRenderPass(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkCmdBindPipeline(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, int pipelineBindPoint, VkPipeline pipeline);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, int pipelineBindPoint, VkPipelineLayout layout, uint firstSet, uint descriptorSetCount, VkDescriptorSet* pDescriptorSets, uint dynamicOffsetCount, uint* pDynamicOffsets);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint firstBinding, uint bindingCount, VkBuffer* pBuffers, ulong* pOffsets);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkBuffer buffer, ulong offset, VkIndexType indexType);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkCmdDrawIndexed(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint indexCount, uint instanceCount, uint firstIndex, int vertexOffset, uint firstInstance);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkCmdDraw(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint vertexCount, uint instanceCount, uint firstVertex, uint firstInstance);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkCmdSetViewport(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint firstViewport, uint viewportCount, VkViewport* pViewports);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkCmdSetScissor(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, uint firstScissor, uint scissorCount, VkRect2D* pScissors);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkCmdPipelineBarrier(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkPipelineStageFlags srcStageMask, VkPipelineStageFlags dstStageMask, int dependencyFlags, uint memoryBarrierCount, void* pMemoryBarriers, uint bufferMemoryBarrierCount, VkBufferMemoryBarrier* pBufferMemoryBarriers, uint imageMemoryBarrierCount, VkImageMemoryBarrier* pImageMemoryBarriers);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkCmdCopyBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkBuffer srcBuffer, VkBuffer dstBuffer, uint regionCount, VkBufferCopy* pRegions);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkBuffer srcBuffer, VkImage dstImage, int dstImageLayout, uint regionCount, VkBufferImageCopy* pRegions);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkImage srcImage, int srcImageLayout, VkBuffer dstBuffer, uint regionCount, VkBufferImageCopy* pRegions);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkCmdClearColorImage(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkImage image, int imageLayout, VkClearColorValue* pColor, uint rangeCount, VkImageSubresourceRange* pRanges);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkCmdPushConstants(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer, VkPipelineLayout layout, VkShaderStageFlags stageFlags, uint offset, uint size, void* pValues);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkCreateSampler(VkDevice device, VkSamplerCreateInfo* pCreateInfo, void* pAllocator, void* pSampler);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkDestroySampler(VkDevice device, void* sampler, void* pAllocator);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, uint queueFamilyIndex, VkSurfaceKHR surface, uint* pSupported);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkSurfaceKHR surface, VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR* pSurfaceCapabilities);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkSurfaceKHR surface, uint* pSurfaceFormatCount, VkSurfaceFormatKHR* pSurfaceFormats);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate VkResult PFN_vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkSurfaceKHR surface, uint* pPresentModeCount, VkPresentModeKHR* pPresentModes);
-[UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-unsafe public delegate void PFN_vkDestroySurfaceKHR(VkInstance instance, VkSurfaceKHR surface, void* pAllocator);

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanBackendRegistrar.cs

@@ -1,16 +1,23 @@
+using Engine.Core;
 using Engine.Graphics;
 
 namespace Engine.Graphics.Vulkan;
 
 public static class VulkanBackendRegistrar
 {
-    private static int _registered;
+    private static bool _registered;
 
     public static void EnsureRegistered()
     {
-        if (System.Threading.Interlocked.Exchange(ref _registered, 1) == 1) return;
+        if (_registered) return;
+        _registered = true;
 
-        RenderBackendFactory.Register("vulkan", (width, height, validation) =>
+        RenderBackendFactory.Register("vulkan", (width, height, enableValidation) =>
-            new VulkanRenderContext(width, height, validation));
+        {
+            var window = new Sdl3Window("Cortex Engine — Vulkan", width, height, vulkanSurface: true);
+            return new VulkanRenderContext(window, enableValidation);
+        });
+
+        Console.WriteLine("[Vulkan] Backend registered as 'vulkan'");
     }
 }

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanBuffer.cs

@@ -1,168 +0,0 @@
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-
-namespace Engine.Graphics.Vulkan;
-
-public sealed unsafe class VulkanBuffer : IDisposable
-{
-    public VkBuffer Buffer;
-    public VkDeviceMemory Memory;
-    public ulong Size;
-    public void* MappedData;
-
-    private readonly VulkanContext _ctx;
-    private bool _disposed;
-
-    public VulkanBuffer(VulkanContext ctx, ulong size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties)
-    {
-        _ctx = ctx;
-        Size = size;
-
-        VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo;
-        bufferInfo.sType = VkStructureType.BufferCreateInfo;
-        bufferInfo.pNext = null;
-        bufferInfo.flags = 0;
-        bufferInfo.size = size;
-        bufferInfo.usage = usage;
-        bufferInfo.sharingMode = VkSharingMode.Exclusive;
-        bufferInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 0;
-        bufferInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = null;
-
-        VkBuffer buffer;
-        VkResult result = Vk.vkCreateBuffer(_ctx.Device, &bufferInfo, null, &buffer);
-        Vk.CheckResult(result, "vkCreateBuffer");
-        Buffer = buffer;
-
-        VkMemoryRequirements2 memReq;
-        Vk.vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(_ctx.Device, Buffer, &memReq);
-
-        VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo;
-        allocInfo.sType = VkStructureType.MemoryAllocateInfo;
-        allocInfo.pNext = null;
-        allocInfo.allocationSize = memReq.size;
-        allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = _ctx.FindMemoryType(memReq.memoryTypeBits, properties);
-
-        VkDeviceMemory memory;
-        result = Vk.vkAllocateMemory(_ctx.Device, &allocInfo, null, &memory);
-        Vk.CheckResult(result, "vkAllocateMemory (buffer)");
-        Memory = memory;
-
-        result = Vk.vkBindBufferMemory(_ctx.Device, Buffer, Memory, 0);
-        Vk.CheckResult(result, "vkBindBufferMemory");
-
-        if ((properties & VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostVisible) != 0)
-        {
-            void* mapped;
-            result = Vk.vkMapMemory(_ctx.Device, Memory, 0, size, 0, &mapped);
-            Vk.CheckResult(result, "vkMapMemory");
-            MappedData = mapped;
-        }
-    }
-
-    public void Write(void* data, ulong size, ulong offset = 0)
-    {
-        if (MappedData == null)
-            throw new InvalidOperationException("Buffer is not host-visible/mapped.");
-
-        System.Buffer.MemoryCopy(data, (void*)((byte*)MappedData + offset), size, size);
-    }
-
-    public void Write<T>(T[] data, ulong offset = 0) where T : struct
-    {
-        var size = (ulong)(data.Length * Marshal.SizeOf<T>());
-        fixed (T* pData = data)
-        {
-            Write(pData, size, offset);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static unsafe VulkanBuffer CreateStaging(VulkanContext ctx, void* data, ulong size)
-    {
-        var staging = new VulkanBuffer(ctx, size, VkBufferUsageFlags.TransferSrc, VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostVisible | VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostCoherent);
-        staging.Write(data, size);
-        return staging;
-    }
-
-    public static unsafe void CopyBuffer(VulkanContext ctx, VkCommandPool cmdPool, VkBuffer src, VkBuffer dst, ulong size)
-    {
-        VkCommandBuffer cmd = BeginSingleTimeCommands(ctx, cmdPool);
-
-        var region = new VkBufferCopy { srcOffset = 0, dstOffset = 0, size = size };
-        Vk.vkCmdCopyBuffer(cmd, src, dst, 1, &region);
-
-        EndSingleTimeCommands(ctx, cmdPool, cmd);
-    }
-
-    public static VulkanBuffer CreateDeviceLocal<T>(VulkanContext ctx, VkCommandPool cmdPool, T[] data, VkBufferUsageFlags usage) where T : struct
-    {
-        var size = (ulong)(data.Length * Marshal.SizeOf<T>());
-        var staging = new VulkanBuffer(ctx, size, VkBufferUsageFlags.TransferSrc, VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostVisible | VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostCoherent);
-
-        fixed (T* pData = data)
-        {
-            staging.Write(pData, size);
-        }
-
-        var deviceBuffer = new VulkanBuffer(ctx, size, usage | VkBufferUsageFlags.TransferDst, VkMemoryPropertyFlags.DeviceLocal);
-        CopyBuffer(ctx, cmdPool, staging.Buffer, deviceBuffer.Buffer, size);
-
-        staging.Dispose();
-        return deviceBuffer;
-    }
-
-    public static unsafe VkCommandBuffer BeginSingleTimeCommands(VulkanContext ctx, VkCommandPool cmdPool)
-    {
-        VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo;
-        allocInfo.sType = VkStructureType.CommandBufferAllocateInfo;
-        allocInfo.pNext = null;
-        allocInfo.commandPool = cmdPool;
-        allocInfo.level = VkCommandBufferLevel.Primary;
-        allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
-
-        VkCommandBuffer cmd;
-        Vk.vkAllocateCommandBuffers(ctx.Device, &allocInfo, &cmd);
-
-        VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo;
-        beginInfo.sType = VkStructureType.CommandBufferBeginInfo;
-        beginInfo.pNext = null;
-        beginInfo.flags = VkCommandBufferUsageFlags.OneTimeSubmit;
-        beginInfo.pInheritanceInfo = null;
-
-        Vk.vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmd, &beginInfo);
-        return cmd;
-    }
-
-    public static unsafe void EndSingleTimeCommands(VulkanContext ctx, VkCommandPool cmdPool, VkCommandBuffer cmd)
-    {
-        Vk.vkEndCommandBuffer(cmd);
-
-        VkSubmitInfo submitInfo;
-        submitInfo.sType = VkStructureType.SubmitInfo;
-        submitInfo.pNext = null;
-        submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 0;
-        submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = null;
-        submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = null;
-        submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
-        submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &cmd;
-        submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 0;
-        submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = null;
-
-        Vk.vkQueueSubmit(ctx.GraphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, default);
-        Vk.vkQueueWaitIdle(ctx.GraphicsQueue);
-
-        Vk.vkFreeCommandBuffers(ctx.Device, cmdPool, 1, &cmd);
-    }
-
-    public unsafe void Dispose()
-    {
-        if (_disposed) return;
-        _disposed = true;
-
-        if (MappedData != null)
-        {
-            Vk.vkUnmapMemory(_ctx.Device, Memory);
-            MappedData = null;
-        }
-        if (Buffer.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyBuffer(_ctx.Device, Buffer, null);
-        if (Memory.Value != 0) Vk.vkFreeMemory(_ctx.Device, Memory, null);
-    }
-}

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanContext.cs

@@ -1,334 +1,457 @@
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using System.Text;
-using Engine.Core;
 using SDL;
+using Engine.Core;
 
 namespace Engine.Graphics.Vulkan;
 
-public sealed unsafe class VulkanContext : IDisposable
+internal static unsafe class SdlVulkan
+{
+    [DllImport("SDL3", CallingConvention = CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private static extern int SDL_Vulkan_CreateSurface(nint window, nint instance, nint allocator, VkSurfaceKHR* surface);
+
+    public static void Create(IWindow window, VkInstance instance, VkSurfaceKHR* surface)
+    {
+        if (SDL_Vulkan_CreateSurface(window.Handle, instance.Handle, 0, surface) == 0)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("SDL_Vulkan_CreateSurface failed");
+    }
+}
+
+internal sealed unsafe class VulkanContext : IDisposable
 {
     public VkInstance Instance;
     public VkPhysicalDevice PhysicalDevice;
     public VkDevice Device;
-    public VkSurfaceKHR Surface;
     public VkQueue GraphicsQueue;
-    public VkQueue PresentQueue;
+    public VkSurfaceKHR Surface;
-    public uint GraphicsFamily;
+    public uint GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex;
-    public uint PresentFamily;
     public VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties MemoryProperties;
-    private readonly bool _validation;
+    public VkFormat SurfaceFormat;
+    public VkColorSpaceKHR SurfaceColorSpace;
+    public VkExtent2D SurfaceExtent;
+    public bool ValidationEnabled;
+
+    private VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT _debugMessenger;
     private bool _disposed;
+    private static DebugCallbackDelegate? _debugCallbackDelegate;
 
-    public VulkanContext(Sdl3Window window, bool enableValidation)
+    private static readonly uint VK_API_VERSION_1_3 = (1u << 22) | (3u << 12);
+
+    private static bool IsLayerAvailable(string layerName)
     {
-        _validation = enableValidation;
+        var enumInstanceProps = VulkanNative.GetExport<EnumInstanceLayerPropertiesDelegate>("vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties");
-        Vk.LoadGlobalFunctions();
-        CreateInstance(window.GetRequiredVulkanExtensions());
-        CreateSurface(window);
-        PickPhysicalDevice();
-        CreateLogicalDevice();
-    }
-
-    private unsafe void CreateInstance(string[] requiredExtensions)
-    {
-        var layers = Array.Empty<string>();
-        if (_validation)
-        {
-            uint layerCount = 0;
-            VulkanNative.vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, null);
-            if (layerCount > 0)
-            {
-                var availableLayers = new VkLayerProperties[layerCount];
-                fixed (VkLayerProperties* pLayers = availableLayers)
-                {
-                    VulkanNative.vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, pLayers);
-                }
-
-                for (var i = 0; i < layerCount; i++)
-                {
-                    fixed (VkLayerProperties* pLayer = &availableLayers[i])
-                    {
-                        var nameLen = 0;
-                        while (nameLen < 256 && pLayer->layerName[nameLen] != 0) nameLen++;
-                        var layerName = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(pLayer->layerName, nameLen);
-
-                        if (layerName == "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation")
-                        {
-                            layers = new[] { "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation" };
-                            Console.WriteLine("[Vulkan] Validation layers enabled.");
-                            break;
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (layers.Length == 0)
-                Console.WriteLine("[Vulkan] Validation layers requested but not available.");
-        }
-
-        var extensions = requiredExtensions;
-
-        var appNameBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("Cortex Engine\0");
-        var engineNameBytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("CortexEngine\0");
-
-        VkApplicationInfo appInfo;
-        appInfo.sType = VkStructureType.ApplicationInfo;
-        appInfo.pNext = null;
-        fixed (byte* pAppName = appNameBytes, pEngineName = engineNameBytes)
-        {
-            appInfo.pApplicationName = pAppName;
-            appInfo.applicationVersion = 0;
-            appInfo.pEngineName = pEngineName;
-            appInfo.engineVersion = 0;
-            appInfo.apiVersion = (1 << 22) | (3 << 12);
-
-            var extPtrs = Vk.AllocStringArray(extensions);
-            var layerPtrs = Vk.AllocStringArray(layers);
-
-            VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo;
-            createInfo.sType = VkStructureType.InstanceCreateInfo;
-            createInfo.pNext = null;
-            createInfo.flags = 0;
-            createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;
-            createInfo.enabledLayerCount = (uint)layers.Length;
-            createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = layerPtrs;
-            createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = (uint)extensions.Length;
-            createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extPtrs;
-
-            VkResult result;
-            fixed (VkInstance* pInstance = &Instance)
-            {
-                result = Vk.vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, null, pInstance);
-            }
-
-            Vk.FreeStringArray(extPtrs, extensions.Length);
-            Vk.FreeStringArray(layerPtrs, layers.Length);
-
-            if (result != VkResult.Success)
-                throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreateInstance failed: {result}. " +
-                    $"Extensions: [{string.Join(", ", extensions)}], Layers: [{string.Join(", ", layers)}]");
-        }
-
-        Vk.LoadInstanceFunctions(Instance);
-        Console.WriteLine("[Vulkan] Instance created.");
-    }
-
-    private unsafe void CreateSurface(Sdl3Window window)
-    {
-        var sdlWindow = (SDL_Window*)window.Handle;
-
-        var instancePtr = (SDL.VkInstance_T*)Instance.Value;
-        SDL.VkSurfaceKHR_T* surfacePtr;
-        if (!SDL3.SDL_Vulkan_CreateSurface(sdlWindow, instancePtr, null, &surfacePtr))
-            throw new InvalidOperationException($"SDL_Vulkan_CreateSurface failed: {SDL3.SDL_GetError()}");
-
-        Surface = new VkSurfaceKHR { Value = (ulong)surfacePtr };
-        Console.WriteLine("[Vulkan] Surface created.");
-    }
-
-    private unsafe void PickPhysicalDevice()
-    {
-        uint deviceCount = 0;
-        Vk.vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(Instance, &deviceCount, null);
-        if (deviceCount == 0)
-            throw new InvalidOperationException("No GPU with Vulkan support found.");
-
-        var devices = new VkPhysicalDevice[deviceCount];
-        fixed (VkPhysicalDevice* pDevices = devices)
-        {
-            Vk.vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(Instance, &deviceCount, pDevices);
-        }
-
-        VkPhysicalDevice bestDevice = default;
-        uint bestGraphicsFamily = uint.MaxValue;
-        uint bestPresentFamily = uint.MaxValue;
-        int bestScore = -1;
-
-        for (uint i = 0; i < deviceCount; i++)
-        {
-            VkPhysicalDeviceProperties props;
-            Vk.vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(devices[i], &props);
-
-            byte* pName = props.deviceName;
-            var nameLen = 0;
-            while (nameLen < 256 && pName[nameLen] != 0) nameLen++;
-            var deviceName = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(pName, nameLen);
-
-            var score = (int)props.deviceType;
-            if (props.deviceType == VkPhysicalDeviceType.DiscreteGpu) score = 1000;
-            else if (props.deviceType == VkPhysicalDeviceType.IntegratedGpu) score = 500;
-
-            if (!FindQueueFamilies(devices[i], out var graphicsFamily, out var presentFamily))
-                continue;
-
-            if (score > bestScore)
-            {
-                bestScore = score;
-                bestDevice = devices[i];
-                bestGraphicsFamily = graphicsFamily;
-                bestPresentFamily = presentFamily;
-                Console.WriteLine($"[Vulkan] Selected GPU: {deviceName} (score {score})");
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (bestScore < 0)
-            throw new InvalidOperationException("No suitable GPU found with graphics + present queues.");
-
-        PhysicalDevice = bestDevice;
-        GraphicsFamily = bestGraphicsFamily;
-        PresentFamily = bestPresentFamily;
-
-        VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProps;
-        Vk.vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(PhysicalDevice, &memProps);
-        MemoryProperties = memProps;
-    }
-
-    private unsafe bool FindQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device, out uint graphicsFamily, out uint presentFamily)
-    {
-        graphicsFamily = uint.MaxValue;
-        presentFamily = uint.MaxValue;
-
         uint count = 0;
-        Vk.vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &count, null);
+        enumInstanceProps(&count, null);
         if (count == 0) return false;
 
-        var props = new VkQueueFamilyProperties[count];
+        var props = stackalloc VkLayerProperties[(int)count];
-        fixed (VkQueueFamilyProperties* pProps = props)
+        enumInstanceProps(&count, props);
-        {
-            Vk.vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &count, pProps);
-        }
 
+        var targetBytes = VulkanString.ToUtf8Terminated(layerName);
         for (uint i = 0; i < count; i++)
         {
-            if ((props[i].queueFlags & VkQueueFlags.Graphics) != 0)
+            var namePtr = (byte*)props[(int)i].layerName;
-                graphicsFamily = i;
+            if (CompareUtf8(namePtr, targetBytes))
-
-            uint supported = 0;
-            Vk.vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, Surface, &supported);
-            if (supported != 0)
-                presentFamily = i;
-
-            if (graphicsFamily != uint.MaxValue && presentFamily != uint.MaxValue)
                 return true;
         }
-
         return false;
     }
 
-    private unsafe void CreateLogicalDevice()
+    private static bool CompareUtf8(byte* a, byte[] b)
     {
-        var queueIndices = new HashSet<uint> { GraphicsFamily, PresentFamily };
+        for (int i = 0; i < b.Length; i++)
-        var queueCreateInfos = new VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo[queueIndices.Count];
-        var priorities = new float[] { 1.0f };
-
-        fixed (float* pPrio = priorities)
         {
-            var idx = 0;
+            if (a == null || a[i] != b[i]) return false;
-            foreach (var qfi in queueIndices)
+            if (b[i] == 0) return true;
-            {
-                queueCreateInfos[idx] = new VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo
-                {
-                    sType = VkStructureType.DeviceQueueCreateInfo,
-                    pNext = null,
-                    flags = 0,
-                    queueFamilyIndex = qfi,
-                    queueCount = 1,
-                    pQueuePriorities = pPrio
-                };
-                idx++;
-            }
-
-            var extNameBytes = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("VK_KHR_swapchain\0");
-            var extNamePtr = (byte*)Marshal.AllocHGlobal(extNameBytes.Length);
-            Marshal.Copy(extNameBytes, 0, (nint)extNamePtr, extNameBytes.Length);
-
-            fixed (VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo* pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos)
-            {
-                byte* features = stackalloc byte[228];
-                VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo;
-                createInfo.sType = VkStructureType.DeviceCreateInfo;
-                createInfo.pNext = null;
-                createInfo.flags = 0;
-                createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = (uint)queueCreateInfos.Length;
-                createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = pQueueCreateInfos;
-                createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
-                createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = null;
-                createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = 1;
-                createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = &extNamePtr;
-                createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = features;
-
-                VkDevice device;
-                var result = Vk.vkCreateDevice(PhysicalDevice, &createInfo, null, &device);
-                Vk.CheckResult(result, "vkCreateDevice");
-                Device = device;
-            }
-
-            Marshal.FreeHGlobal((nint)extNamePtr);
         }
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(System.Runtime.InteropServices.CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private delegate VkResult EnumInstanceLayerPropertiesDelegate(uint* pPropertyCount, VkLayerProperties* pProperties);
+
+    [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+    private struct VkLayerProperties
+    {
+        public fixed byte layerName[256];
+        public uint specVersion;
+        public uint implementationVersion;
+        public fixed byte description[256];
+    }
+
+    public VulkanContext(IWindow window, bool enableValidation)
+    {
+        ValidationEnabled = enableValidation;
+        _debugCallbackDelegate = DebugCallback;
+
+        CreateInstance(window, enableValidation);
+        CreateSurface(window);
+        PickPhysicalDevice();
+        CreateLogicalDevice(enableValidation);
+
+        Console.WriteLine($"[Vulkan] Instance created, API version 1.3");
+        Console.WriteLine($"[Vulkan] Validation layers: {(ValidationEnabled ? "enabled" : "disabled")}");
+    }
+
+    private void CreateInstance(IWindow window, bool enableValidation)
+    {
+        var sdlExtensions = window.GetRequiredVulkanExtensions();
+        var extensionList = new List<string>(sdlExtensions);
+
+        var useValidation = enableValidation && IsLayerAvailable("VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation");
+        if (enableValidation && !useValidation)
+            Console.WriteLine("[Vulkan] WARNING: VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation not found, running without validation");
+
+        var layerNames = useValidation
+            ? new[] { "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation" }
+            : Array.Empty<string>();
+
+        if (useValidation)
+            extensionList.Add("VK_EXT_debug_utils");
+        ValidationEnabled = useValidation;
+
+        var extPtrs = AllocStringArray(extensionList);
+        var layerPtrs = AllocStringArray(layerNames);
+
+        fixed (byte* appName = "Cortex Engine\0"u8)
+        fixed (byte* engineName = "Cortex\0"u8)
+        {
+            var appInfo = new VkApplicationInfo
+            {
+                sType = VkStructureType.ApplicationInfo,
+                pApplicationName = appName,
+                applicationVersion = 1,
+                pEngineName = engineName,
+                engineVersion = 1,
+                apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_3,
+            };
+
+            var debugInfo = new VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT
+            {
+                sType = VkStructureType.DebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT,
+                messageSeverity = VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT.Verbose |
+                                  VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT.Warning |
+                                  VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT.Error,
+                messageType = VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT.General |
+                              VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT.Validation |
+                              VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT.Performance,
+                pfnUserCallback = Marshal.GetFunctionPointerForDelegate(_debugCallbackDelegate!),
+            };
+
+            var createInfo = new VkInstanceCreateInfo
+            {
+                sType = VkStructureType.InstanceCreateInfo,
+                pApplicationInfo = &appInfo,
+                enabledLayerCount = (uint)layerNames.Length,
+                ppEnabledLayerNames = layerPtrs,
+                enabledExtensionCount = (uint)extensionList.Count,
+                ppEnabledExtensionNames = extPtrs,
+            };
+
+        if (useValidation && Vk.vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT != null)
+                createInfo.pNext = (nint)(&debugInfo);
+
+            VkResult result;
+            fixed (VkInstance* instPtr = &Instance)
+            {
+                result = VulkanNative.vkGetInstanceProcAddr == null
+                    ? VkResult.ErrorInitializationFailed
+                    : default;
+
+                var vkCreateInstance = VulkanNative.GetExport<Vk.VkCreateInstance>("vkCreateInstance");
+                result = vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, 0, instPtr);
+            }
+
+            if (result != VkResult.Success)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreateInstance failed: {result}");
+        }
+
+        Vk.LoadInstanceFunctions(Instance);
+
+        if (useValidation)
+        {
+            fixed (VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT* msgPtr = &_debugMessenger)
+            {
+                var dbgInfo = new VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT
+                {
+                    sType = VkStructureType.DebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT,
+                    messageSeverity = VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT.Verbose |
+                                      VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT.Warning |
+                                      VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT.Error,
+                    messageType = VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT.General |
+                                  VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT.Validation |
+                                  VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT.Performance,
+                    pfnUserCallback = Marshal.GetFunctionPointerForDelegate(_debugCallbackDelegate!),
+                };
+                Vk.vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(Instance, &dbgInfo, 0, msgPtr);
+            }
+        }
+
+        FreeStringArray(extPtrs, extensionList.Count);
+        FreeStringArray(layerPtrs, layerNames.Length);
+    }
+
+    private static uint DebugCallback(uint messageSeverity, uint messageTypes,
+        nint pCallbackData, nint pUserData)
+    {
+        var data = Marshal.PtrToStructure<VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT>(pCallbackData);
+        var msg = data.pMessage != null ? Marshal.PtrToStringUTF8((nint)data.pMessage) : "unknown";
+        var severity = messageSeverity switch
+        {
+            0x00000001 => "VERBOSE",
+            0x00000010 => "INFO",
+            0x00000100 => "WARNING",
+            0x00001000 => "ERROR",
+            _ => "UNKNOWN"
+        };
+        Console.Error.WriteLine($"[Vulkan:{severity}] {msg}");
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(System.Runtime.InteropServices.CallingConvention.Cdecl)]
+    private delegate uint DebugCallbackDelegate(uint messageSeverity, uint messageTypes,
+        nint pCallbackData, nint pUserData);
+
+    private void CreateSurface(IWindow window)
+    {
+        fixed (VkSurfaceKHR* surfacePtr = &Surface)
+        {
+            SdlVulkan.Create(window, Instance, surfacePtr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void PickPhysicalDevice()
+    {
+        uint count = 0;
+        Vk.vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(Instance, &count, null);
+        if (count == 0)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("No Vulkan physical devices found");
+
+        var devices = stackalloc VkPhysicalDevice[(int)count];
+        Vk.vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(Instance, &count, devices);
+
+        VkPhysicalDevice best = VkPhysicalDevice.Null;
+        VkPhysicalDeviceType bestType = VkPhysicalDeviceType.Other;
+
+        for (uint i = 0; i < count; i++)
+        {
+            var propsBytes = stackalloc byte[824];
+            Vk.vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(devices[(int)i], (VkPhysicalDeviceProperties*)propsBytes);
+            var nameBytes = new byte[256];
+            Marshal.Copy((nint)(propsBytes + 20), nameBytes, 0, 256);
+            var nameLen = Array.IndexOf(nameBytes, (byte)0);
+            if (nameLen < 0) nameLen = 256;
+            var devType = (VkPhysicalDeviceType)Marshal.ReadInt32((nint)propsBytes, 16);
+            Console.WriteLine($"[Vulkan] GPU {i}: {System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(nameBytes, 0, nameLen)} (type={devType})");
+
+            if (best.Handle == 0 || (devType == VkPhysicalDeviceType.DiscreteGpu && bestType != VkPhysicalDeviceType.DiscreteGpu))
+            {
+                best = devices[(int)i];
+                bestType = devType;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (best.Handle == 0)
+            best = devices[0];
+
+        PhysicalDevice = best;
+        var memProps = new VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties();
+        Vk.vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(PhysicalDevice, &memProps);
+        MemoryProperties = memProps;
+
+        uint queueCount = 0;
+        Vk.vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(PhysicalDevice, &queueCount, null);
+        var queueProps = stackalloc VkQueueFamilyProperties[(int)queueCount];
+        Vk.vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(PhysicalDevice, &queueCount, queueProps);
+
+        GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex = uint.MaxValue;
+        for (uint i = 0; i < queueCount; i++)
+        {
+            if ((queueProps[(int)i].queueFlags & VkQueueFlags.Graphics) != 0)
+            {
+                VkBool32 supported = VkBool32.False;
+                Vk.vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(PhysicalDevice, i, Surface, &supported);
+                if (supported == VkBool32.True)
+                {
+                    GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex = i;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex == uint.MaxValue)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("No graphics queue family with surface support found");
+    }
+
+    private void CreateLogicalDevice(bool enableValidation)
+    {
+        var priorities = stackalloc float[1];
+        priorities[0] = 1.0f;
+
+        var queueInfo = new VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.DeviceQueueCreateInfo,
+            queueFamilyIndex = GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex,
+            queueCount = 1,
+            pQueuePriorities = priorities,
+        };
+
+        var extNames = new[] { "VK_KHR_swapchain" };
+        var extPtrs = AllocStringArray(extNames);
+
+        var sync2Features = new VkPhysicalDeviceSynchronization2Features
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.PhysicalDeviceSynchronization2Features,
+            synchronization2 = VkBool32.True,
+        };
+
+        var renderingFeatures = new VkPhysicalDeviceDynamicRenderingFeatures
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.PhysicalDeviceDynamicRenderingFeatures,
+            pNext = (nint)(&sync2Features),
+            dynamicRendering = VkBool32.True,
+        };
+
+
+        var deviceInfo = new VkDeviceCreateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.DeviceCreateInfo,
+            pQueueCreateInfos = &queueInfo,
+            queueCreateInfoCount = 1,
+            enabledExtensionCount = (uint)extNames.Length,
+            ppEnabledExtensionNames = extPtrs,
+            pEnabledFeatures = null,
+            pNext = (nint)(&renderingFeatures),
+        };
+
+        var dev = VkDevice.Null;
+        {
+            var result = Vk.vkCreateDevice(PhysicalDevice, &deviceInfo, 0, &dev);
+            if (result != VkResult.Success)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreateDevice failed: {result}");
+        }
+        Device = dev;
 
         Vk.LoadDeviceFunctions(Device);
 
-        fixed (VkQueue* pGfxQueue = &GraphicsQueue)
+        fixed (VkQueue* queuePtr = &GraphicsQueue)
         {
-            Vk.vkGetDeviceQueue(Device, GraphicsFamily, 0, pGfxQueue);
+            Vk.vkGetDeviceQueue(Device, GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex, 0, queuePtr);
-        }
-        fixed (VkQueue* pPresentQueue = &PresentQueue)
-        {
-            Vk.vkGetDeviceQueue(Device, PresentFamily, 0, pPresentQueue);
         }
 
-        Console.WriteLine("[Vulkan] Logical device created.");
+        FreeStringArray(extPtrs, extNames.Length);
+
+        QuerySurfaceFormat();
     }
 
-    public unsafe uint FindMemoryType(uint typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties)
+    private void QuerySurfaceFormat()
+    {
+        uint formatCount = 0;
+        Vk.vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(PhysicalDevice, Surface, &formatCount, null);
+        if (formatCount == 0)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException("No surface formats available");
+
+        var formats = stackalloc VkSurfaceFormatKHR[(int)formatCount];
+        Vk.vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(PhysicalDevice, Surface, &formatCount, formats);
+
+        SurfaceFormat = VkFormat.B8G8R8A8Srgb;
+        SurfaceColorSpace = VkColorSpaceKHR.SrgbNonlinearKHR;
+
+        for (uint i = 0; i < formatCount; i++)
+        {
+            if (formats[(int)i].format == VkFormat.B8G8R8A8Srgb &&
+                formats[(int)i].colorSpace == VkColorSpaceKHR.SrgbNonlinearKHR)
+            {
+                SurfaceFormat = formats[(int)i].format;
+                SurfaceColorSpace = formats[(int)i].colorSpace;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (SurfaceFormat == VkFormat.B8G8R8A8Srgb)
+        {
+            SurfaceFormat = formats[0].format;
+            SurfaceColorSpace = formats[0].colorSpace;
+        }
+
+        Console.WriteLine($"[Vulkan] Surface format: {SurfaceFormat}, color space: {SurfaceColorSpace}");
+    }
+
+    public uint FindMemoryType(uint memoryTypeBits, VkMemoryPropertyFlags desiredFlags)
     {
         for (uint i = 0; i < MemoryProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++)
         {
-            var memType = GetMemoryType(i);
+            if ((memoryTypeBits & (1u << (int)i)) != 0)
-            if ((typeFilter & (1u << (int)i)) != 0 && (memType.propertyFlags & properties) == properties)
+            {
-                return i;
+                var flags = GetMemoryTypeFlags(i);
+                if ((flags & desiredFlags) == desiredFlags)
+                    return i;
+            }
         }
-
+        throw new InvalidOperationException($"No memory type found for flags {desiredFlags}");
-        throw new InvalidOperationException($"Failed to find memory type with filter={typeFilter:X} props={properties}");
     }
 
-    private VkMemoryType GetMemoryType(uint index)
+    private VkMemoryPropertyFlags GetMemoryTypeFlags(uint index)
     {
-        return index switch
+        if (index >= 32) return (VkMemoryPropertyFlags)0;
+        fixed (VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties* p = &MemoryProperties)
         {
-            0 => MemoryProperties.memoryTypes0,
+            var memTypes = &p->memoryTypes0;
-            1 => MemoryProperties.memoryTypes1,
+            return memTypes[index].propertyFlags;
-            2 => MemoryProperties.memoryTypes2,
+        }
-            3 => MemoryProperties.memoryTypes3,
-            4 => MemoryProperties.memoryTypes4,
-            5 => MemoryProperties.memoryTypes5,
-            6 => MemoryProperties.memoryTypes6,
-            7 => MemoryProperties.memoryTypes7,
-            8 => MemoryProperties.memoryTypes8,
-            9 => MemoryProperties.memoryTypes9,
-            10 => MemoryProperties.memoryTypes10,
-            11 => MemoryProperties.memoryTypes11,
-            12 => MemoryProperties.memoryTypes12,
-            13 => MemoryProperties.memoryTypes13,
-            14 => MemoryProperties.memoryTypes14,
-            15 => MemoryProperties.memoryTypes15,
-            _ => throw new IndexOutOfRangeException()
-        };
     }
 
-    public unsafe void Dispose()
+    private static byte** AllocStringArray(IList<string> strings)
+    {
+        var ptr = (byte**)Marshal.AllocHGlobal(strings.Count * nint.Size);
+        for (var i = 0; i < strings.Count; i++)
+        {
+            var bytes = VulkanString.ToUtf8Terminated(strings[i]);
+            ptr[i] = (byte*)Marshal.AllocHGlobal(bytes.Length);
+            Marshal.Copy(bytes, 0, (nint)ptr[i], bytes.Length);
+        }
+        return ptr;
+    }
+
+    private static void FreeStringArray(byte** ptr, int count)
+    {
+        for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)
+        {
+            if (ptr[i] != null)
+                Marshal.FreeHGlobal((nint)ptr[i]);
+        }
+        Marshal.FreeHGlobal((nint)ptr);
+    }
+
+    private static string ParseDeviceName(VkPhysicalDeviceProperties* props)
+    {
+        var bytes = new byte[256];
+        fixed (byte* dest = bytes)
+        {
+            Buffer.MemoryCopy(props->deviceName, dest, 256, 256);
+        }
+        var len = Array.IndexOf(bytes, (byte)0);
+        if (len < 0) len = 256;
+        return System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetString(bytes, 0, len);
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
     {
         if (_disposed) return;
         _disposed = true;
 
-        if (Device.Value != 0)
+        if (Device.Handle != 0)
         {
-            Vk.vkQueueWaitIdle(GraphicsQueue);
+            Vk.vkDeviceWaitIdle(Device);
-            Vk.vkDestroyDevice(Device, null);
+            Vk.vkDestroyDevice(Device, 0);
         }
-        if (Surface.Value != 0)
+
-            Vk.vkDestroySurfaceKHR(Instance, Surface, null);
+        if (_debugMessenger.Handle != 0 && Vk.vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT != null)
-        if (Instance.Value != 0)
+            Vk.vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(Instance, _debugMessenger, 0);
-            Vk.vkDestroyInstance(Instance, null);
+
+        if (Surface.Handle != 0)
+            Vk.vkDestroySurfaceKHR(Instance, Surface, 0);
+
+        if (Instance.Handle != 0)
+            Vk.vkDestroyInstance(Instance, 0);
     }
 }

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanEnums.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,499 @@
+namespace Engine.Graphics.Vulkan;
+
+public enum VkResult : int
+{
+    Success = 0,
+    NotReady = 1,
+    Timeout = 2,
+    EventSet = 3,
+    EventReset = 4,
+    Incomplete = 5,
+    ErrorOutOfHostMemory = -1,
+    ErrorOutOfDeviceMemory = -2,
+    ErrorInitializationFailed = -3,
+    ErrorDeviceLost = -4,
+    ErrorMemoryMapFailed = -5,
+    ErrorLayerNotPresent = -6,
+    ErrorExtensionNotPresent = -7,
+    ErrorIncompatibleDriver = -8,
+    ErrorTooManyObjects = -9,
+    ErrorFormatNotSupported = -10,
+    ErrorFragmentedPool = -11,
+    ErrorUnknown = -13,
+    ErrorOutOfPoolMemory = -1000069000,
+    ErrorInvalidExternalHandle = -1000072003,
+    ErrorSurfaceLostKHR = -1000000000,
+    ErrorNativeWindowInUseKHR = -1000000001,
+    SuboptimalKHR = 1000001003,
+    ErrorOutOfDateKHR = -1000001004,
+    ErrorValidationFailedEXT = -1000011001,
+}
+
+public enum VkStructureType : int
+{
+    ApplicationInfo = 0,
+    InstanceCreateInfo = 1,
+    DeviceQueueCreateInfo = 2,
+    DeviceCreateInfo = 3,
+    SubmitInfo = 4,
+    MemoryAllocateInfo = 5,
+    BufferCreateInfo = 12,
+    ShaderModuleCreateInfo = 16,
+    PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo = 18,
+    PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo = 19,
+    PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo = 20,
+    PipelineTessellationStateCreateInfo = 21,
+    PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo = 22,
+    PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo = 23,
+    PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo = 24,
+    PipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo = 25,
+    PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo = 26,
+    PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo = 27,
+    GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo = 28,
+    PipelineLayoutCreateInfo = 30,
+    RenderPassCreateInfo = 38,
+    CommandPoolCreateInfo = 39,
+    CommandBufferAllocateInfo = 40,
+    CommandBufferBeginInfo = 42,
+    RenderPassBeginInfo = 43,
+    ImageViewCreateInfo = 15,
+    SemaphoreCreateInfo = 9,
+    FenceCreateInfo = 8,
+    SwapchainCreateInfoKHR = 1000001000,
+    PresentInfoKHR = 1000001001,
+    DebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT = 1000128004,
+    SubmitInfo2 = 1000314004,
+    CommandBufferSubmitInfo = 1000314006,
+    SemaphoreSubmitInfo = 1000314005,
+    PipelineRenderingCreateInfo = 1000044002,
+    RenderingInfo = 1000044000,
+    RenderingAttachmentInfo = 1000044001,
+    ImageMemoryBarrier2 = 1000314002,
+    BufferMemoryBarrier2 = 1000314001,
+    DependencyInfo = 1000314003,
+    PhysicalDeviceDynamicRenderingFeatures = 1000044003,
+    PhysicalDeviceSynchronization2Features = 1000314007,
+}
+
+public enum VkFormat : int
+{
+    Undefined = 0,
+    R8G8B8A8Unorm = 37,
+    B8G8R8A8Unorm = 44,
+    R8G8B8A8Srgb = 43,
+    B8G8R8A8Srgb = 50,
+    R32G32Sfloat = 103,
+    R32G32B32Sfloat = 106,
+    R32G32B32A32Sfloat = 109,
+    D32Sfloat = 126,
+}
+
+public enum VkColorSpaceKHR : int
+{
+    SrgbNonlinearKHR = 0,
+}
+
+public enum VkPresentModeKHR : int
+{
+    Immediate = 0,
+    Mailbox = 1,
+    Fifo = 2,
+    FifoRelaxed = 3,
+}
+
+public enum VkImageUsageFlags : uint
+{
+    TransferSrc = 0x00000001,
+    TransferDst = 0x00000002,
+    Sampled = 0x00000004,
+    Storage = 0x00000008,
+    ColorAttachment = 0x00000010,
+    DepthStencilAttachment = 0x00000020,
+    TransientAttachment = 0x00000040,
+    InputAttachment = 0x00000080,
+}
+
+public enum VkImageLayout : int
+{
+    Undefined = 0,
+    General = 1,
+    ColorAttachmentOptimal = 2,
+    DepthStencilAttachmentOptimal = 3,
+    DepthStencilReadOnlyOptimal = 4,
+    ShaderReadOnlyOptimal = 5,
+    TransferSrcOptimal = 6,
+    TransferDstOptimal = 7,
+    Preinitialized = 8,
+    PresentSrcKHR = 1000001002,
+}
+
+public enum VkImageAspectFlags : uint
+{
+    Color = 0x00000001,
+    Depth = 0x00000002,
+    Stencil = 0x00000004,
+}
+
+public enum VkAttachmentLoadOp : int
+{
+    Load = 0,
+    Clear = 1,
+    DontCare = 2,
+}
+
+public enum VkAttachmentStoreOp : int
+{
+    Store = 0,
+    DontCare = 1,
+    None = 1000301000,
+}
+
+public enum VkSharingMode : int
+{
+    Exclusive = 0,
+    Concurrent = 1,
+}
+
+public enum VkCompositeAlphaFlagsKHR : uint
+{
+    Opaque = 0x00000001,
+    PreMultiplied = 0x00000002,
+    PostMultiplied = 0x00000004,
+    Inherit = 0x00000008,
+}
+
+public enum VkSurfaceTransformFlagsKHR : uint
+{
+    Identity = 0x00000001,
+    Rotate90 = 0x00000002,
+    Rotate180 = 0x00000004,
+    Rotate270 = 0x00000008,
+    HorizontalMirror = 0x00000010,
+    Inherit = 0x00000100,
+}
+
+public enum VkPrimitiveTopology : int
+{
+    PointList = 0,
+    LineList = 1,
+    LineStrip = 2,
+    TriangleList = 3,
+    TriangleStrip = 4,
+    TriangleFan = 5,
+}
+
+public enum VkPolygonMode : int
+{
+    Fill = 0,
+    Line = 1,
+    Point = 2,
+}
+
+public enum VkCullModeFlags : uint
+{
+    None = 0,
+    Front = 0x00000001,
+    Back = 0x00000002,
+    FrontAndBack = 0x00000003,
+}
+
+public enum VkFrontFace : int
+{
+    CounterClockwise = 0,
+    Clockwise = 1,
+}
+
+public enum VkBlendFactor : int
+{
+    Zero = 0,
+    One = 1,
+    SrcColor = 2,
+    OneMinusSrcColor = 3,
+    DstColor = 4,
+    OneMinusDstColor = 5,
+    SrcAlpha = 6,
+    OneMinusSrcAlpha = 7,
+    DstAlpha = 8,
+    OneMinusDstAlpha = 9,
+    ConstantColor = 10,
+    OneMinusConstantColor = 11,
+    ConstantAlpha = 12,
+    OneMinusConstantAlpha = 13,
+    SrcAlphaSaturate = 14,
+    Src1Color = 15,
+    OneMinusSrc1Color = 16,
+    Src1Alpha = 17,
+    OneMinusSrc1Alpha = 18,
+}
+
+public enum VkBlendOp : int
+{
+    Add = 0,
+    Subtract = 1,
+    ReverseSubtract = 2,
+    Min = 3,
+    Max = 4,
+}
+
+public enum VkColorComponentFlags : uint
+{
+    R = 0x00000001,
+    G = 0x00000002,
+    B = 0x00000004,
+    A = 0x00000008,
+}
+
+public enum VkShaderStageFlags : uint
+{
+    Vertex = 0x00000001,
+    TessellationControl = 0x00000002,
+    TessellationEvaluation = 0x00000004,
+    Geometry = 0x00000008,
+    Fragment = 0x00000010,
+    Compute = 0x00000020,
+    AllGraphics = 0x0000001F,
+}
+
+public enum VkPipelineStageFlags2 : ulong
+{
+    None = 0,
+    TopOfPipe = 0x00000001,
+    DrawIndirect = 0x00000002,
+    VertexInput = 0x00000004,
+    VertexShader = 0x00000008,
+    TessellationControlShader = 0x00000010,
+    TessellationEvaluationShader = 0x00000020,
+    GeometryShader = 0x00000040,
+    FragmentShader = 0x00000080,
+    EarlyFragmentTests = 0x00000100,
+    LateFragmentTests = 0x00000200,
+    ColorAttachmentOutput = 0x00000400,
+    ComputeShader = 0x00000800,
+    Transfer = 0x00001000,
+    BottomOfPipe = 0x00002000,
+    Host = 0x00004000,
+    AllGraphics = 0x00008000,
+    AllCommands = 0x00010000,
+}
+
+public enum VkAccessFlags2 : ulong
+{
+    None = 0,
+    ColorAttachmentRead = 0x00000080,
+    ColorAttachmentWrite = 0x00000100,
+    TransferRead = 0x00000800,
+    TransferWrite = 0x00001000,
+    ShaderRead = 0x100000000,
+    ShaderWrite = 0x200000000,
+}
+
+public enum VkDynamicState : int
+{
+    Viewport = 0,
+    Scissor = 1,
+    LineWidth = 2,
+    DepthBias = 3,
+    BlendConstants = 4,
+    DepthBounds = 5,
+    StencilCompareMask = 6,
+    StencilWriteMask = 7,
+    StencilReference = 8,
+}
+
+public enum VkCommandBufferLevel : int
+{
+    Primary = 0,
+    Secondary = 1,
+}
+
+public enum VkCommandBufferUsageFlags : uint
+{
+    None = 0,
+    OneTimeSubmit = 0x00000001,
+    RenderPassContinue = 0x00000002,
+    SimultaneousUse = 0x00000004,
+}
+
+public enum VkFenceCreateFlags : uint
+{
+    None = 0,
+    Signaled = 0x00000001,
+}
+
+public enum VkMemoryPropertyFlags : uint
+{
+    None = 0,
+    DeviceLocal = 0x00000001,
+    HostVisible = 0x00000002,
+    HostCoherent = 0x00000004,
+    HostCached = 0x00000008,
+    LazilyAllocated = 0x00000010,
+}
+
+public enum VkBufferUsageFlags : uint
+{
+    TransferSrc = 0x00000001,
+    TransferDst = 0x00000002,
+    UniformTexelBuffer = 0x00000004,
+    StorageTexelBuffer = 0x00000008,
+    UniformBuffer = 0x00000010,
+    StorageBuffer = 0x00000020,
+    IndexBuffer = 0x00000040,
+    VertexBuffer = 0x00000080,
+    IndirectBuffer = 0x00000100,
+}
+
+public enum VkQueueFlags : uint
+{
+    Graphics = 0x00000001,
+    Compute = 0x00000002,
+    Transfer = 0x00000004,
+    SparseBinding = 0x00000008,
+    Protected = 0x00000010,
+}
+
+public enum VkPhysicalDeviceType : int
+{
+    Other = 0,
+    IntegratedGpu = 1,
+    DiscreteGpu = 2,
+    VirtualGpu = 3,
+    Cpu = 4,
+}
+
+public enum VkSampleCountFlags : uint
+{
+    Count1 = 0x00000001,
+    Count2 = 0x00000002,
+    Count4 = 0x00000004,
+    Count8 = 0x00000008,
+    Count16 = 0x00000010,
+    Count32 = 0x00000020,
+    Count64 = 0x00000040,
+}
+
+public enum VkImageViewType : int
+{
+    Type1D = 0,
+    Type2D = 1,
+    Type3D = 2,
+    TypeCube = 3,
+    Type1DArray = 4,
+    Type2DArray = 5,
+    TypeCubeArray = 6,
+}
+
+public enum VkComponentSwizzle : int
+{
+    Identity = 0,
+    Zero = 1,
+    One = 2,
+    R = 3,
+    G = 4,
+    B = 5,
+    A = 6,
+}
+
+public enum VkBool32 : uint
+{
+    False = 0,
+    True = 1,
+}
+
+public enum VkRenderingFlags : uint
+{
+    None = 0,
+    ContentsSecondaryCommandBuffers = 1,
+    Suspending = 2,
+    Resuming = 4,
+}
+
+public enum VkPipelineBindPoint : int
+{
+    Graphics = 0,
+    Compute = 1,
+}
+
+public enum VkDescriptorType : int
+{
+    Sampler = 0,
+    CombinedImageSampler = 1,
+    SampledImage = 2,
+    StorageImage = 3,
+    UniformTexelBuffer = 4,
+    StorageTexelBuffer = 5,
+    UniformBuffer = 6,
+    StorageBuffer = 7,
+    UniformBufferDynamic = 8,
+    StorageBufferDynamic = 9,
+    InputAttachment = 10,
+}
+
+public enum VkDescriptorPoolCreateFlags : uint
+{
+    None = 0,
+    FreeDescriptorSet = 0x00000001,
+}
+
+public enum VkVertexInputRate : int
+{
+    Vertex = 0,
+    Instance = 1,
+}
+
+public enum VkCommandPoolCreateFlags : uint
+{
+    None = 0,
+    ResetCommandBuffer = 0x00000002,
+    Transient = 0x00000001,
+}
+
+public enum VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT : uint
+{
+    Verbose = 0x00000001,
+    Info = 0x00000010,
+    Warning = 0x00000100,
+    Error = 0x00001000,
+}
+
+public enum VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT : uint
+{
+    General = 0x00000001,
+    Validation = 0x00000002,
+    Performance = 0x00000004,
+}
+
+public enum VkObjectType : int
+{
+    Unknown = 0,
+    Instance = 1,
+    PhysicalDevice = 2,
+    Device = 3,
+    Queue = 4,
+    Semaphore = 5,
+    CommandBuffer = 6,
+    Fence = 7,
+    DeviceMemory = 8,
+    Buffer = 9,
+    Image = 10,
+    Event = 11,
+    QueryPool = 12,
+    BufferView = 13,
+    ImageView = 14,
+    ShaderModule = 15,
+    PipelineCache = 16,
+    PipelineLayout = 17,
+    Pipeline = 19,
+    CommandPool = 22,
+    SurfaceKHR = 26,
+    SwapchainKHR = 27,
+    DebugUtilsMessengerEXT = 28,
+}
+
+public enum VkDependencyFlags : uint
+{
+    None = 0,
+    ByRegion = 0x00000001,
+    DeviceGroup = 0x00000004,
+    ViewLocal = 0x00000002,
+}

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanFrameResources.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+namespace Engine.Graphics.Vulkan;
+
+internal sealed unsafe class VulkanFrameResources : IDisposable
+{
+    public const int MaxFramesInFlight = 2;
+
+    public VkCommandPool CommandPool;
+    public VkCommandBuffer[] CommandBuffers = new VkCommandBuffer[MaxFramesInFlight];
+    public VkFence[] FrameFences = new VkFence[MaxFramesInFlight];
+    public VkSemaphore[] AcquireSemaphores = new VkSemaphore[MaxFramesInFlight];
+    public VkSemaphore[] SubmitSemaphores = Array.Empty<VkSemaphore>();
+
+    private readonly VkDevice _device;
+    private bool _disposed;
+
+    public VulkanFrameResources(VkDevice device, uint queueFamilyIndex, uint swapchainImageCount)
+    {
+        _device = device;
+
+        var poolInfo = new VkCommandPoolCreateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.CommandPoolCreateInfo,
+            flags = VkCommandPoolCreateFlags.ResetCommandBuffer,
+            queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndex,
+        };
+
+        fixed (VkCommandPool* poolPtr = &CommandPool)
+        {
+            var result = Vk.vkCreateCommandPool(_device, &poolInfo, 0, poolPtr);
+            if (result != VkResult.Success)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreateCommandPool failed: {result}");
+        }
+
+        var allocInfo = new VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.CommandBufferAllocateInfo,
+            commandPool = CommandPool,
+            level = VkCommandBufferLevel.Primary,
+            commandBufferCount = MaxFramesInFlight,
+        };
+
+        fixed (VkCommandBuffer* cmdPtr = CommandBuffers)
+        {
+            var result = Vk.vkAllocateCommandBuffers(_device, &allocInfo, cmdPtr);
+            if (result != VkResult.Success)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkAllocateCommandBuffers failed: {result}");
+        }
+
+        var fenceInfo = new VkFenceCreateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.FenceCreateInfo,
+            flags = VkFenceCreateFlags.Signaled,
+        };
+
+        var semInfo = new VkSemaphoreCreateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.SemaphoreCreateInfo,
+        };
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < MaxFramesInFlight; i++)
+        {
+            var fence = VkFence.Null;
+            var result = Vk.vkCreateFence(_device, &fenceInfo, 0, &fence);
+            if (result != VkResult.Success)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreateFence failed: {result}");
+            FrameFences[i] = fence;
+
+            var sem = VkSemaphore.Null;
+            result = Vk.vkCreateSemaphore(_device, &semInfo, 0, &sem);
+            if (result != VkResult.Success)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreateSemaphore (acquire) failed: {result}");
+            AcquireSemaphores[i] = sem;
+        }
+
+        SubmitSemaphores = new VkSemaphore[swapchainImageCount];
+        for (int i = 0; i < swapchainImageCount; i++)
+        {
+            var sem = VkSemaphore.Null;
+            var result = Vk.vkCreateSemaphore(_device, &semInfo, 0, &sem);
+            if (result != VkResult.Success)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreateSemaphore (submit) failed: {result}");
+            SubmitSemaphores[i] = sem;
+        }
+
+        Console.WriteLine($"[Vulkan] Frame resources: {MaxFramesInFlight} frames in flight, {swapchainImageCount} submit semaphores");
+    }
+
+    public void WaitFrame(int frameIndex)
+    {
+        fixed (VkFence* fencePtr = &FrameFences[frameIndex])
+        {
+            Vk.vkWaitForFences(_device, 1, fencePtr, VkBool32.True, ulong.MaxValue);
+            Vk.vkResetFences(_device, 1, fencePtr);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        if (_disposed) return;
+        _disposed = true;
+
+        Vk.vkDeviceWaitIdle(_device);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < MaxFramesInFlight; i++)
+        {
+            if (FrameFences[i].Handle != 0) Vk.vkDestroyFence(_device, FrameFences[i], 0);
+            if (AcquireSemaphores[i].Handle != 0) Vk.vkDestroySemaphore(_device, AcquireSemaphores[i], 0);
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < SubmitSemaphores.Length; i++)
+        {
+            if (SubmitSemaphores[i].Handle != 0) Vk.vkDestroySemaphore(_device, SubmitSemaphores[i], 0);
+        }
+
+        if (CommandPool.Handle != 0) Vk.vkDestroyCommandPool(_device, CommandPool, 0);
+    }
+}

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanHandles.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Engine.Graphics.Vulkan;
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkInstance { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkInstance Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkPhysicalDevice { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkPhysicalDevice Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkDevice { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkDevice Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkQueue { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkQueue Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkCommandPool { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkCommandPool Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkCommandBuffer { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkCommandBuffer Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkSwapchainKHR { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkSwapchainKHR Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkSurfaceKHR { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkSurfaceKHR Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkImage { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkImage Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkImageView { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkImageView Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkBuffer { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkBuffer Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkDeviceMemory { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkDeviceMemory Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkShaderModule { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkShaderModule Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkPipelineLayout { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkPipelineLayout Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkPipeline { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkPipeline Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkSemaphore { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkSemaphore Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkFence { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkFence Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkDescriptorSetLayout { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkDescriptorSetLayout Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkDescriptorPool { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkDescriptorPool Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public struct VkDescriptorSet { public nint Handle; public static readonly VkDescriptorSet Null = new() { Handle = 0 }; }

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanImGui.cs

@@ -1,521 +0,0 @@
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using System.Numerics;
-using ImGuiNET;
-
-namespace Engine.Graphics.Vulkan;
-
-public sealed unsafe class VulkanImGui : IDisposable
-{
-    private readonly VulkanContext _ctx;
-    private readonly VulkanSwapchain _swapchain;
-    private VkCommandPool _initCommandPool;
-    private VkPipeline _pipeline;
-    private VkPipelineLayout _pipelineLayout;
-    private VkDescriptorSetLayout _descriptorSetLayout;
-    private VkDescriptorPool _descriptorPool;
-    private VkDescriptorSet _descriptorSet;
-    private VkShaderModule _vertexShader;
-    private VkShaderModule _fragmentShader;
-    private VkImage _fontImage;
-    private VkDeviceMemory _fontImageMemory;
-    private VkImageView _fontImageView;
-    private VkSampler _fontSampler;
-    private VulkanBuffer? _vertexBuffer;
-    private VulkanBuffer? _indexBuffer;
-
-    private static readonly byte[] VkDescriptorWriteDummy = new byte[1];
-
-    public VulkanImGui(VulkanContext ctx, VulkanSwapchain swapchain)
-    {
-        _ctx = ctx;
-        _swapchain = swapchain;
-        Initialize();
-    }
-
-    private unsafe void Initialize()
-    {
-        var io = ImGui.GetIO();
-        io.Fonts.AddFontDefault();
-        io.Fonts.Build();
-
-        VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = default;
-        poolInfo.sType = VkStructureType.CommandPoolCreateInfo;
-        poolInfo.flags = 0x00000002;
-        poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = _ctx.GraphicsFamily;
-        VkCommandPool pool;
-        Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkCreateCommandPool(_ctx.Device, &poolInfo, null, &pool), "vkCreateCommandPool (ImGui init)");
-        _initCommandPool = pool;
-
-        CreateFontTexture();
-        CreateShaders();
-        CreateDescriptorSetLayout();
-        CreatePipelineLayout();
-        CreatePipeline();
-        CreateDescriptorPoolAndSet();
-
-        Vk.vkDestroyCommandPool(_ctx.Device, _initCommandPool, null);
-    }
-
-    private unsafe void CreateFontTexture()
-    {
-        var io = ImGui.GetIO();
-        int width, height, bpp;
-        byte* pixels;
-        io.Fonts.GetTexDataAsRGBA32(out pixels, out width, out height, out bpp);
-
-        VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo = default;
-        imageInfo.sType = VkStructureType.ImageCreateInfo;
-        imageInfo.imageType = VkImageType._2D;
-        imageInfo.format = VkFormat.R8G8B8A8Unorm;
-        imageInfo.extent = new VkExtent3D { width = width, height = height, depth = 1 };
-        imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
-        imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
-        imageInfo.samples = VkSampleCountFlags.One;
-        imageInfo.tiling = 0;
-        imageInfo.usage = VkImageUsageFlags.Sampled | VkImageUsageFlags.TransferDst;
-        imageInfo.sharingMode = VkSharingMode.Exclusive;
-        imageInfo.initialLayout = 0;
-
-        VkImage fontImage;
-        Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkCreateImage(_ctx.Device, &imageInfo, null, &fontImage), "vkCreateImage (font)");
-        _fontImage = fontImage;
-
-        VkMemoryRequirements2 memReq;
-        Vk.vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(_ctx.Device, _fontImage, &memReq);
-
-        VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = default;
-        allocInfo.sType = VkStructureType.MemoryAllocateInfo;
-        allocInfo.allocationSize = memReq.size;
-        allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = _ctx.FindMemoryType(memReq.memoryTypeBits, VkMemoryPropertyFlags.DeviceLocal);
-
-        VkDeviceMemory fontMem;
-        Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkAllocateMemory(_ctx.Device, &allocInfo, null, &fontMem), "vkAllocateMemory (font)");
-        _fontImageMemory = fontMem;
-        Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkBindImageMemory(_ctx.Device, _fontImage, _fontImageMemory, 0), "vkBindImageMemory (font)");
-
-        var imageSize = (ulong)(width * height * 4);
-        var staging = new VulkanBuffer(_ctx, imageSize,
-            VkBufferUsageFlags.TransferSrc,
-            VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostVisible | VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostCoherent);
-
-        Buffer.MemoryCopy(pixels, staging.MappedData, imageSize, imageSize);
-
-        var cmd = VulkanBuffer.BeginSingleTimeCommands(_ctx, _initCommandPool);
-
-        var barrier = new VkImageMemoryBarrier
-        {
-            sType = VkStructureType.ImageMemoryBarrier,
-            srcAccessMask = 0,
-            dstAccessMask = VkAccessFlags.TransferWrite,
-            oldLayout = VkImageLayout.Undefined,
-            newLayout = VkImageLayout.TransferDstOptimal,
-            srcQueueFamilyIndex = ~0u,
-            dstQueueFamilyIndex = ~0u,
-            image = _fontImage,
-            subresourceRange = new VkImageSubresourceRange
-            {
-                aspectMask = VkImageAspectFlags.Color,
-                baseMipLevel = 0, levelCount = 1, baseArrayLayer = 0, layerCount = 1
-            }
-        };
-
-        Vk.vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmd, VkPipelineStageFlags.Host, VkPipelineStageFlags.Transfer,
-            0, 0, null, 0, null, 1, &barrier);
-
-        var region = new VkBufferImageCopy
-        {
-            bufferOffset = 0,
-            bufferRowLength = (uint)width,
-            bufferImageHeight = (uint)height,
-            imageSubresource = new VkImageSubresourceLayers
-            {
-                aspectMask = VkImageAspectFlags.Color,
-                mipLevel = 0, baseArrayLayer = 0, layerCount = 1
-            },
-            imageOffset = new VkOffset3D { x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 },
-            imageExtent = new VkExtent3D { width = width, height = height, depth = 1 }
-        };
-
-        Vk.vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(cmd, staging.Buffer, _fontImage,
-            (int)VkImageLayout.TransferDstOptimal, 1, &region);
-
-        var barrier2 = new VkImageMemoryBarrier
-        {
-            sType = VkStructureType.ImageMemoryBarrier,
-            srcAccessMask = VkAccessFlags.TransferWrite,
-            dstAccessMask = VkAccessFlags.ShaderRead,
-            oldLayout = VkImageLayout.TransferDstOptimal,
-            newLayout = VkImageLayout.ShaderReadOnlyOptimal,
-            srcQueueFamilyIndex = ~0u,
-            dstQueueFamilyIndex = ~0u,
-            image = _fontImage,
-            subresourceRange = new VkImageSubresourceRange
-            {
-                aspectMask = VkImageAspectFlags.Color,
-                baseMipLevel = 0, levelCount = 1, baseArrayLayer = 0, layerCount = 1
-            }
-        };
-
-        Vk.vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmd, VkPipelineStageFlags.Transfer, VkPipelineStageFlags.FragmentShader,
-            0, 0, null, 0, null, 1, &barrier2);
-
-        VulkanBuffer.EndSingleTimeCommands(_ctx, _initCommandPool, cmd);
-        staging.Dispose();
-
-        VkImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo = default;
-        viewInfo.sType = VkStructureType.ImageViewCreateInfo;
-        viewInfo.image = _fontImage;
-        viewInfo.viewType = VkImageViewType._2D;
-        viewInfo.format = VkFormat.R8G8B8A8Unorm;
-        viewInfo.subresourceRange = new VkImageSubresourceRange
-        {
-            aspectMask = VkImageAspectFlags.Color,
-            baseMipLevel = 0, levelCount = 1, baseArrayLayer = 0, layerCount = 1
-        };
-
-        VkImageView fontView;
-        Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkCreateImageView(_ctx.Device, &viewInfo, null, &fontView), "vkCreateImageView (font)");
-        _fontImageView = fontView;
-
-        VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo = default;
-        samplerInfo.sType = VkStructureType.SamplerCreateInfo;
-        samplerInfo.magFilter = VkFilter.Linear;
-        samplerInfo.minFilter = VkFilter.Linear;
-        samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VkSamplerMipmapMode.Linear;
-        samplerInfo.addressModeU = VkSamplerAddressMode.Repeat;
-        samplerInfo.addressModeV = VkSamplerAddressMode.Repeat;
-        samplerInfo.addressModeW = VkSamplerAddressMode.Repeat;
-        samplerInfo.minLod = -1000;
-        samplerInfo.maxLod = 1000;
-
-        VkSampler fontSampler;
-        Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkCreateSampler(_ctx.Device, &samplerInfo, null, (void*)&fontSampler), "vkCreateSampler (font)");
-        _fontSampler = fontSampler;
-    }
-
-    private unsafe VkShaderModule LoadShader(string path)
-    {
-        var fullPath = Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, path);
-        if (!File.Exists(fullPath))
-            throw new FileNotFoundException($"ImGui SPIR-V shader not found: {fullPath}");
-
-        var code = File.ReadAllBytes(fullPath);
-        fixed (byte* pCode = code)
-        {
-            VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo = default;
-            createInfo.sType = VkStructureType.ShaderModuleCreateInfo;
-            createInfo.codeSize = (ulong)code.Length;
-            createInfo.pCode = (uint*)pCode;
-
-            VkShaderModule module;
-            Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkCreateShaderModule(_ctx.Device, &createInfo, null, &module), $"vkCreateShaderModule ({path})");
-            return module;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void CreateShaders()
-    {
-        _vertexShader = LoadShader("Shaders/imgui.vert.spv");
-        _fragmentShader = LoadShader("Shaders/imgui.frag.spv");
-    }
-
-    private unsafe void CreateDescriptorSetLayout()
-    {
-        var binding = new VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding
-        {
-            binding = 0,
-            descriptorType = VkDescriptorType.CombinedImageSampler,
-            descriptorCount = 1,
-            stageFlags = VkShaderStageFlags.Fragment,
-            pImmutableSamplers = null
-        };
-
-        VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo createInfo = default;
-        createInfo.sType = VkStructureType.DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo;
-        createInfo.bindingCount = 1;
-        createInfo.pBindings = &binding;
-
-        VkDescriptorSetLayout dsLayout;
-        Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(_ctx.Device, &createInfo, null, &dsLayout), "vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout (ImGui)");
-        _descriptorSetLayout = dsLayout;
-    }
-
-    private unsafe void CreatePipelineLayout()
-    {
-        var pushConstantRange = new VkPushConstantRange
-        {
-            stageFlags = VkShaderStageFlags.Vertex,
-            offset = 0,
-            size = 16
-        };
-
-        var dsLayout = _descriptorSetLayout;
-        VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo createInfo = default;
-        createInfo.sType = VkStructureType.PipelineLayoutCreateInfo;
-        createInfo.setLayoutCount = 1;
-        createInfo.pSetLayouts = &dsLayout;
-        createInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 1;
-        createInfo.pPushConstantRanges = &pushConstantRange;
-
-        VkPipelineLayout pipeLayout;
-        Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkCreatePipelineLayout(_ctx.Device, &createInfo, null, &pipeLayout), "vkCreatePipelineLayout (ImGui)");
-        _pipelineLayout = pipeLayout;
-    }
-
-    private unsafe void CreatePipeline()
-    {
-        var mainName = Vk.AllocUtf8("main");
-
-        var stages = stackalloc VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo[2];
-        stages[0] = new VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo
-        {
-            sType = VkStructureType.PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo,
-            stage = VkShaderStageFlags.Vertex,
-            module = _vertexShader,
-            pName = mainName
-        };
-        stages[1] = new VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo
-        {
-            sType = VkStructureType.PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo,
-            stage = VkShaderStageFlags.Fragment,
-            module = _fragmentShader,
-            pName = mainName
-        };
-
-        var bindingDesc = new VkVertexInputBindingDescription
-        {
-            binding = 0,
-            stride = (uint)Marshal.SizeOf<ImDrawVert>(),
-            inputRate = 0
-        };
-
-        var attrDescs = stackalloc VkVertexInputAttributeDescription[3];
-        attrDescs[0] = new VkVertexInputAttributeDescription { location = 0, binding = 0, format = VkFormat.R32G32Sfloat, offset = 0 };
-        attrDescs[1] = new VkVertexInputAttributeDescription { location = 1, binding = 0, format = VkFormat.R32G32Sfloat, offset = 8 };
-        attrDescs[2] = new VkVertexInputAttributeDescription { location = 2, binding = 0, format = VkFormat.R8G8B8A8Unorm, offset = 16 };
-
-        VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputState = default;
-        vertexInputState.sType = VkStructureType.PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo;
-        vertexInputState.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
-        vertexInputState.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDesc;
-        vertexInputState.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 3;
-        vertexInputState.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attrDescs;
-
-        VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssemblyState = default;
-        inputAssemblyState.sType = VkStructureType.PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo;
-        inputAssemblyState.topology = VkPrimitiveTopology.TriangleList;
-
-        var viewport = new VkViewport();
-        var scissor = new VkRect2D();
-
-        VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState = default;
-        viewportState.sType = VkStructureType.PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo;
-        viewportState.viewportCount = 1;
-        viewportState.pViewports = &viewport;
-        viewportState.scissorCount = 1;
-        viewportState.pScissors = &scissor;
-
-        VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterState = default;
-        rasterState.sType = VkStructureType.PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo;
-        rasterState.polygonMode = VkPolygonMode.Fill;
-        rasterState.cullMode = VkCullModeFlags.None;
-        rasterState.frontFace = VkFrontFace.Clockwise;
-        rasterState.lineWidth = 1.0f;
-
-        VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo msState = default;
-        msState.sType = VkStructureType.PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo;
-        msState.rasterizationSamples = VkSampleCountFlags.One;
-
-        VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState blendAttachment = default;
-        blendAttachment.blendEnable = 1;
-        blendAttachment.srcColorBlendFactor = VkBlendFactor.SrcAlpha;
-        blendAttachment.dstColorBlendFactor = VkBlendFactor.OneMinusSrcAlpha;
-        blendAttachment.colorBlendOp = VkBlendOp.Add;
-        blendAttachment.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VkBlendFactor.OneMinusSrcAlpha;
-        blendAttachment.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VkBlendFactor.Zero;
-        blendAttachment.alphaBlendOp = VkBlendOp.Add;
-        blendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VkColorComponentFlags.R | VkColorComponentFlags.G | VkColorComponentFlags.B | VkColorComponentFlags.A;
-
-        VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo blendState = default;
-        blendState.sType = VkStructureType.PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo;
-        blendState.attachmentCount = 1;
-        blendState.pAttachments = &blendAttachment;
-
-        VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo = default;
-        pipelineInfo.sType = VkStructureType.GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo;
-        pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
-        pipelineInfo.pStages = stages;
-        pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputState;
-        pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssemblyState;
-        pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
-        pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterState;
-        pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &msState;
-        pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &blendState;
-        pipelineInfo.layout = _pipelineLayout;
-        pipelineInfo.renderPass = _swapchain.RenderPass;
-        pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
-
-        VkPipeline pipe;
-        Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(_ctx.Device, 0, 1, &pipelineInfo, null, &pipe), "vkCreateGraphicsPipelines (ImGui)");
-        _pipeline = pipe;
-
-        Vk.FreeUtf8(mainName);
-        Console.WriteLine("[Vulkan] ImGui pipeline created.");
-    }
-
-    private unsafe void CreateDescriptorPoolAndSet()
-    {
-        var poolSize = new VkDescriptorPoolSize
-        {
-            type = VkDescriptorType.CombinedImageSampler,
-            descriptorCount = 1
-        };
-
-        VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = default;
-        poolInfo.sType = VkStructureType.DescriptorPoolCreateInfo;
-        poolInfo.flags = VkDescriptorPoolCreateFlags.FreeDescriptorSet;
-        poolInfo.maxSets = 1;
-        poolInfo.poolSizeCount = 1;
-        poolInfo.pPoolSizes = &poolSize;
-
-        VkDescriptorPool descPool;
-        Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkCreateDescriptorPool(_ctx.Device, &poolInfo, null, &descPool), "vkCreateDescriptorPool (ImGui)");
-        _descriptorPool = descPool;
-
-        VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo = default;
-        allocInfo.sType = VkStructureType.DescriptorSetAllocateInfo;
-        allocInfo.descriptorPool = _descriptorPool;
-        allocInfo.descriptorSetCount = 1;
-        var dsLayout = _descriptorSetLayout;
-        allocInfo.pSetLayouts = &dsLayout;
-
-        VkDescriptorSet descSet;
-        Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkAllocateDescriptorSets(_ctx.Device, &allocInfo, &descSet), "vkAllocateDescriptorSets (ImGui)");
-        _descriptorSet = descSet;
-
-        var imageInfo = new VkDescriptorImageInfo
-        {
-            sampler = _fontSampler,
-            imageView = _fontImageView,
-            imageLayout = VkImageLayout.ShaderReadOnlyOptimal
-        };
-
-        VkWriteDescriptorSet writeInfo = default;
-        writeInfo.sType = VkStructureType.WriteDescriptorSet;
-        writeInfo.dstSet = _descriptorSet;
-        writeInfo.dstBinding = 0;
-        writeInfo.descriptorCount = 1;
-        writeInfo.descriptorType = VkDescriptorType.CombinedImageSampler;
-        writeInfo.pImageInfo = &imageInfo;
-
-        Vk.vkUpdateDescriptorSets(_ctx.Device, 1, &writeInfo, 0, null);
-    }
-
-    public unsafe void Render(VkCommandBuffer cmd)
-    {
-        var drawData = ImGui.GetDrawData();
-        if (drawData.CmdListsCount == 0) return;
-
-        drawData.ScaleClipRects(ImGui.GetIO().DisplayFramebufferScale);
-        UpdateBuffers(drawData);
-
-        Vk.vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd, 0, _pipeline);
-
-        var set = _descriptorSet;
-        Vk.vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmd, 0, _pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &set, 0, null);
-
-        var displaySize = ImGui.GetIO().DisplaySize;
-        var scale = new Vector2(2.0f / displaySize.X, 2.0f / displaySize.Y);
-        var pushData = stackalloc float[2];
-        pushData[0] = scale.X;
-        pushData[1] = -scale.Y;
-
-        Vk.vkCmdPushConstants(cmd, _pipelineLayout, VkShaderStageFlags.Vertex, 0, 8, pushData);
-
-        var vb = _vertexBuffer!.Buffer;
-        var offset = 0ul;
-        Vk.vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(cmd, 0, 1, &vb, &offset);
-        Vk.vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(cmd, _indexBuffer!.Buffer, 0, VkIndexType.Uint16);
-
-        var indexOffset = 0u;
-        var vtxOffset = 0u;
-        for (var n = 0; n < drawData.CmdListsCount; n++)
-        {
-            var cmdList = new ImDrawListPtr(((ImDrawList**)drawData.CmdLists.Data)[n]);
-            for (var i = 0; i < cmdList.CmdBuffer.Size; i++)
-            {
-                var imCmd = cmdList.CmdBuffer[i];
-                Vk.vkCmdDrawIndexed(cmd, (uint)imCmd.ElemCount, 1, indexOffset, (int)vtxOffset, 0);
-                indexOffset += (uint)imCmd.ElemCount;
-            }
-            vtxOffset += (uint)cmdList.VtxBuffer.Size;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private unsafe void UpdateBuffers(ImDrawDataPtr drawData)
-    {
-        var vertexSize = (ulong)(drawData.TotalVtxCount * Marshal.SizeOf<ImDrawVert>());
-        var indexSize = (ulong)(drawData.TotalIdxCount * sizeof(ushort));
-
-        if (vertexSize == 0 || indexSize == 0) return;
-
-        if (_vertexBuffer == null || _vertexBuffer.Size < vertexSize)
-        {
-            _vertexBuffer?.Dispose();
-            _vertexBuffer = new VulkanBuffer(_ctx, vertexSize,
-                VkBufferUsageFlags.VertexBuffer,
-                VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostVisible | VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostCoherent);
-        }
-
-        if (_indexBuffer == null || _indexBuffer.Size < indexSize)
-        {
-            _indexBuffer?.Dispose();
-            _indexBuffer = new VulkanBuffer(_ctx, indexSize,
-                VkBufferUsageFlags.IndexBuffer,
-                VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostVisible | VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostCoherent);
-        }
-
-        var vtxDst = (byte*)_vertexBuffer.MappedData;
-        var idxDst = (ushort*)_indexBuffer.MappedData;
-
-        for (var n = 0; n < drawData.CmdListsCount; n++)
-        {
-            var cmdList = new ImDrawListPtr(((ImDrawList**)drawData.CmdLists.Data)[n]);
-            var vtxSize = cmdList.VtxBuffer.Size * Marshal.SizeOf<ImDrawVert>();
-            var idxSize = cmdList.IdxBuffer.Size * sizeof(ushort);
-
-            Buffer.MemoryCopy((void*)cmdList.VtxBuffer.Data, vtxDst, vtxSize, vtxSize);
-            Buffer.MemoryCopy((void*)cmdList.IdxBuffer.Data, idxDst, idxSize, idxSize);
-
-            vtxDst += vtxSize;
-            idxDst += cmdList.IdxBuffer.Size;
-        }
-    }
-
-    public void Dispose()
-    {
-        Vk.vkQueueWaitIdle(_ctx.GraphicsQueue);
-
-        _vertexBuffer?.Dispose();
-        _indexBuffer?.Dispose();
-
-        if (_fontSampler.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroySampler(_ctx.Device, (void*)_fontSampler.Value, null);
-        if (_fontImageView.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyImageView(_ctx.Device, _fontImageView, null);
-        if (_fontImage.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyImage(_ctx.Device, _fontImage, null);
-        if (_fontImageMemory.Value != 0) Vk.vkFreeMemory(_ctx.Device, _fontImageMemory, null);
-        if (_descriptorPool.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyDescriptorPool(_ctx.Device, _descriptorPool, null);
-        if (_pipeline.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyPipeline(_ctx.Device, _pipeline, null);
-        if (_pipelineLayout.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyPipelineLayout(_ctx.Device, _pipelineLayout, null);
-        if (_descriptorSetLayout.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(_ctx.Device, _descriptorSetLayout, null);
-        if (_vertexShader.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyShaderModule(_ctx.Device, _vertexShader, null);
-        if (_fragmentShader.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyShaderModule(_ctx.Device, _fragmentShader, null);
-    }
-}
-
-[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
-internal struct VkDescriptorImageInfo
-{
-    public VkSampler sampler;
-    public VkImageView imageView;
-    public VkImageLayout imageLayout;
-}

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanNative.cs

@@ -2,98 +2,57 @@ using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
 namespace Engine.Graphics.Vulkan;
 
-public static unsafe partial class VulkanNative
+internal static unsafe class VulkanNative
 {
-    private const string VulkanLib = "vulkan-1.dll";
+    private static readonly nint _handle;
-    private const string VulkanLibLinux = "libvulkan.so.1";
+    public static readonly nint NullHandle = 0;
 
-    private static nint _libHandle;
+    static VulkanNative()
-
-    public static nint LoadLibrary()
     {
-        if (_libHandle != 0) return _libHandle;
+        var libName = OperatingSystem.IsWindows() ? "vulkan-1.dll" : "libvulkan.so.1";
+        _handle = NativeLibrary.Load(libName);
+        if (_handle == 0)
+            throw new DllNotFoundException($"Failed to load Vulkan loader: {libName}");
 
-        if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+        vkGetInstanceProcAddr = GetExport<PFN_vkGetInstanceProcAddr>("vkGetInstanceProcAddr");
-            _libHandle = NativeLibrary.Load(VulkanLib);
-        else
-            _libHandle = NativeLibrary.Load(VulkanLibLinux);
-
-        if (_libHandle == 0)
-            throw new InvalidOperationException("Failed to load Vulkan library.");
-
-        return _libHandle;
     }
 
-    public static void* GetInstanceProcAddr(VkInstance instance, byte* pName)
+    public static T GetExport<T>(string name) where T : Delegate
     {
-        LoadLibrary();
+        if (!NativeLibrary.TryGetExport(_handle, name, out var address))
-        var ptr = NativeLibrary.GetExport(_libHandle, "vkGetInstanceProcAddr");
+            throw new EntryPointNotFoundException($"Vulkan export not found: {name}");
-        var func = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<PFN_vkGetInstanceProcAddr>(ptr);
+        return Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<T>(address);
-        return func(instance, pName);
     }
 
-    public static void* GetDeviceProcAddr(VkDevice device, byte* pName)
+    public static nint GetExportPointer(string name)
     {
-        var ptr = NativeLibrary.GetExport(_libHandle, "vkGetDeviceProcAddr");
+        NativeLibrary.TryGetExport(_handle, name, out var address);
-        var func = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<PFN_vkGetDeviceProcAddr>(ptr);
+        return address;
-        return func(device, pName);
     }
 
-    public static T LoadInstanceFunction<T>(VkInstance instance, string name) where T : Delegate
+    public static PFN_vkGetInstanceProcAddr vkGetInstanceProcAddr;
-    {
-        var nameBytes = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(name + "\0");
-        fixed (byte* pName = nameBytes)
-        {
-            var addr = GetInstanceProcAddr(instance, pName);
-            if (addr == null)
-                throw new InvalidOperationException($"Failed to load Vulkan instance function: {name}");
-            return Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<T>((nint)addr);
-        }
-    }
 
-    public static T LoadDeviceFunction<T>(VkDevice device, string name) where T : Delegate
+    public delegate nint PFN_vkGetInstanceProcAddr(nint instance, byte* pName);
+}
+
+internal static unsafe class VulkanString
+{
+    public static byte[] ToUtf8Terminated(string s)
     {
-        var nameBytes = System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(name + "\0");
+        return System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(s + '\0');
-        fixed (byte* pName = nameBytes)
-        {
-            var addr = GetDeviceProcAddr(device, pName);
-            if (addr == null)
-                throw new InvalidOperationException($"Failed to load Vulkan device function: {name}");
-            return Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<T>((nint)addr);
-        }
     }
-
-    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-    public delegate void* PFN_vkGetInstanceProcAddr(VkInstance instance, byte* pName);
-
-    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-    public delegate void* PFN_vkGetDeviceProcAddr(VkDevice device, byte* pName);
-
-    [LibraryImport("vulkan-1.dll", EntryPoint = "vkGetInstanceProcAddr", StringMarshalling = StringMarshalling.Utf8)]
-    public static partial void* vkGetInstanceProcAddr_Win(VkInstance instance, string pName);
 
-    [DllImport("libvulkan.so.1", EntryPoint = "vkGetInstanceProcAddr", CharSet = CharSet.Ansi)]
+    public static byte* AllocUtf8(string s)
-    public static extern void* vkGetInstanceProcAddr_Linux(VkInstance instance, string pName);
-
-    public static VkResult vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(byte* pLayerName, uint* pPropertyCount, VkExtensionProperties* pProperties)
     {
-        LoadLibrary();
+        var bytes = ToUtf8Terminated(s);
-        var ptr = NativeLibrary.GetExport(_libHandle, "vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties");
+        var ptr = (byte*)Marshal.AllocHGlobal(bytes.Length);
-        var func = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<PFN_vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties>(ptr);
+        Marshal.Copy(bytes, 0, (nint)ptr, bytes.Length);
-        return func(pLayerName, pPropertyCount, pProperties);
+        return ptr;
     }
-
-    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-    public delegate VkResult PFN_vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(byte* pLayerName, uint* pPropertyCount, VkExtensionProperties* pProperties);
 
-    public static VkResult vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(uint* pPropertyCount, VkLayerProperties* pProperties)
+    public static void FreeUtf8(byte* ptr)
     {
-        LoadLibrary();
+        if (ptr != null)
-        var ptr = NativeLibrary.GetExport(_libHandle, "vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties");
+            Marshal.FreeHGlobal((nint)ptr);
-        var func = Marshal.GetDelegateForFunctionPointer<PFN_vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties>(ptr);
-        return func(pPropertyCount, pProperties);
     }
-
-    [UnmanagedFunctionPointer(CallingConvention.Winapi)]
-    public delegate VkResult PFN_vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(uint* pPropertyCount, VkLayerProperties* pProperties);
 }

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanPipeline.cs

@@ -1,279 +1,207 @@
 using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
-using System.Text;
+using Engine.Core;
 
 namespace Engine.Graphics.Vulkan;
 
-public sealed unsafe class VulkanPipeline : IDisposable
+internal sealed unsafe class VulkanPipeline : IDisposable
 {
     public VkPipelineLayout PipelineLayout;
     public VkPipeline Pipeline;
-    public VkDescriptorSetLayout DescriptorSetLayout;
+    public VkShaderModule VertModule;
-    public VkShaderModule VertexShader;
+    public VkShaderModule FragModule;
-    public VkShaderModule FragmentShader;
 
-    private readonly VulkanContext _ctx;
+    private readonly VkDevice _device;
     private bool _disposed;
 
-    public const int PushConstantSize = 144;
+    public VulkanPipeline(VkDevice device, VkFormat colorFormat, byte[] vertSpv, byte[] fragSpv)
-    public const int FrameUboSize = 16 + 16 + 16 * 4 * 8;
-
-    public VulkanPipeline(VulkanContext ctx, VkRenderPass renderPass)
     {
-        _ctx = ctx;
+        _device = device;
-        Create(renderPass);
+        VertModule = CreateShaderModule(vertSpv);
-    }
+        FragModule = CreateShaderModule(fragSpv);
 
-    private unsafe void Create(VkRenderPass renderPass)
+        fixed (byte* pName = "main\0"u8)
-    {
-        Console.WriteLine("[Vulkan] Loading shaders...");
-        VertexShader = CreateShaderModule("Shaders/vertex.spv");
-        FragmentShader = CreateShaderModule("Shaders/fragment.spv");
-        Console.WriteLine("[Vulkan] Shaders loaded.");
-
-        var mainName = Vk.AllocUtf8("main");
-
-        var stages = new VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo[2];
-        stages[0] = new VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo
         {
-            sType = VkStructureType.PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo,
+            var stages = stackalloc VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo[2];
-            pNext = null,
+            stages[0] = new VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo
-            flags = 0,
+            {
-            stage = VkShaderStageFlags.Vertex,
+                sType = VkStructureType.PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo,
-            module = VertexShader,
+                stage = VkShaderStageFlags.Vertex,
-            pName = mainName,
+                module = VertModule,
-            pSpecializationInfo = null
+                pName = pName,
-        };
+            };
-        stages[1] = new VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo
+            stages[1] = new VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo
-        {
+            {
-            sType = VkStructureType.PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo,
+                sType = VkStructureType.PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo,
-            pNext = null,
+                stage = VkShaderStageFlags.Fragment,
-            flags = 0,
+                module = FragModule,
-            stage = VkShaderStageFlags.Fragment,
+                pName = pName,
-            module = FragmentShader,
+            };
-            pName = mainName,
-            pSpecializationInfo = null
-        };
 
-        var bindingDesc = new VkVertexInputBindingDescription
+            var bindings = stackalloc VkVertexInputBindingDescription[1];
-        {
+            bindings[0] = new VkVertexInputBindingDescription
-            binding = 0,
+            {
-            stride = 36,
+                binding = 0,
-            inputRate = 0
+                stride = (uint)sizeof(Vertex),
-        };
+                inputRate = VkVertexInputRate.Vertex,
+            };
 
-        var attrDescs = stackalloc VkVertexInputAttributeDescription[3];
+            var attributes = stackalloc VkVertexInputAttributeDescription[3];
-        attrDescs[0] = new VkVertexInputAttributeDescription { location = 0, binding = 0, format = VkFormat.R32G32B32Sfloat, offset = 0 };
+            attributes[0] = new VkVertexInputAttributeDescription
-        attrDescs[1] = new VkVertexInputAttributeDescription { location = 1, binding = 0, format = VkFormat.R32G32B32Sfloat, offset = 12 };
+            {
-        attrDescs[2] = new VkVertexInputAttributeDescription { location = 2, binding = 0, format = VkFormat.R32G32B32Sfloat, offset = 24 };
+                location = 0,
+                binding = 0,
+                format = VkFormat.R32G32B32Sfloat,
+                offset = 0,
+            };
+            attributes[1] = new VkVertexInputAttributeDescription
+            {
+                location = 1,
+                binding = 0,
+                format = VkFormat.R32G32B32Sfloat,
+                offset = 12,
+            };
+            attributes[2] = new VkVertexInputAttributeDescription
+            {
+                location = 2,
+                binding = 0,
+                format = VkFormat.R32G32B32Sfloat,
+                offset = 24,
+            };
 
-        VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputState;
+            var vertexInputState = new VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo
-        vertexInputState.sType = VkStructureType.PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo;
+            {
-        vertexInputState.pNext = null;
+                sType = VkStructureType.PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo,
-        vertexInputState.flags = 0;
+                vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1,
-        vertexInputState.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
+                pVertexBindingDescriptions = bindings,
-        vertexInputState.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDesc;
+                vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 3,
-        vertexInputState.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = 3;
+                pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributes,
-        vertexInputState.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attrDescs;
+            };
 
-        var inputAssemblyState = new VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo
+            var inputAssemblyState = new VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo
-        {
+            {
-            sType = VkStructureType.PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo,
+                sType = VkStructureType.PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo,
-            pNext = null,
+                topology = VkPrimitiveTopology.TriangleList,
-            flags = 0,
+                primitiveRestartEnable = VkBool32.False,
-            topology = VkPrimitiveTopology.TriangleList,
+            };
-            primitiveRestartEnable = 0
-        };
 
-        var viewport = new VkViewport { x = 0, y = 0, width = 1280, height = 720, minDepth = 0, maxDepth = 1 };
+            var viewportState = new VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo
-        var scissor = new VkRect2D { offset = new VkOffset2D { x = 0, y = 0 }, extent = new VkExtent2D { width = 1280, height = 720 } };
+            {
+                sType = VkStructureType.PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo,
+                viewportCount = 1,
+                pViewports = null,
+                scissorCount = 1,
+                pScissors = null,
+            };
 
-        VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState;
+            var rasterizationState = new VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo
-        viewportState.sType = VkStructureType.PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo;
+            {
-        viewportState.pNext = null;
+                sType = VkStructureType.PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo,
-        viewportState.flags = 0;
+                depthClampEnable = VkBool32.False,
-        viewportState.viewportCount = 1;
+                rasterizerDiscardEnable = VkBool32.False,
-        viewportState.pViewports = &viewport;
+                polygonMode = VkPolygonMode.Fill,
-        viewportState.scissorCount = 1;
+                cullMode = VkCullModeFlags.None,
-        viewportState.pScissors = &scissor;
+                frontFace = VkFrontFace.CounterClockwise,
+                depthBiasEnable = VkBool32.False,
+                lineWidth = 1.0f,
+            };
 
-        var rasterizationState = new VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo
+            var multisampleState = new VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo
-        {
+            {
-            sType = VkStructureType.PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo,
+                sType = VkStructureType.PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo,
-            pNext = null,
+                rasterizationSamples = VkSampleCountFlags.Count1,
-            flags = 0,
+                sampleShadingEnable = VkBool32.False,
-            depthClampEnable = 0,
+            };
-            rasterizerDiscardEnable = 0,
-            polygonMode = VkPolygonMode.Fill,
-            cullMode = VkCullModeFlags.None,
-            frontFace = VkFrontFace.Clockwise,
-            depthBiasEnable = 0,
-            depthBiasConstantFactor = 0,
-            depthBiasClamp = 0,
-            depthBiasSlopeFactor = 0,
-            lineWidth = 1.0f
-        };
 
-        var multisampleState = new VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo
+            var blendAttachment = new VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState
-        {
+            {
-            sType = VkStructureType.PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo,
+                blendEnable = VkBool32.False,
-            pNext = null,
+                colorWriteMask = VkColorComponentFlags.R | VkColorComponentFlags.G | VkColorComponentFlags.B | VkColorComponentFlags.A,
-            flags = 0,
+            };
-            rasterizationSamples = VkSampleCountFlags.One,
-            sampleShadingEnable = 0,
-            minSampleShading = 0,
-            pSampleMask = null,
-            alphaToCoverageEnable = 0,
-            alphaToOneEnable = 0
-        };
 
-        var depthStencilState = new VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo
+            var colorBlendState = new VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo
-        {
+            {
-            sType = VkStructureType.PipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo,
+                sType = VkStructureType.PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo,
-            pNext = null,
+                logicOpEnable = VkBool32.False,
-            flags = 0,
+                attachmentCount = 1,
-            depthTestEnable = 1,
+                pAttachments = &blendAttachment,
-            depthWriteEnable = 1,
+            };
-            depthCompareOp = VkCompareOp.Less,
-            depthBoundsTestEnable = 0,
-            stencilTestEnable = 0,
-            front = new VkStencilOpState(),
-            back = new VkStencilOpState(),
-            minDepthBounds = 0,
-            maxDepthBounds = 1
-        };
 
-        var blendAttachment = new VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState
+            var dynamicStates = stackalloc VkDynamicState[2];
-        {
+            dynamicStates[0] = VkDynamicState.Viewport;
-            blendEnable = 0,
+            dynamicStates[1] = VkDynamicState.Scissor;
-            srcColorBlendFactor = VkBlendFactor.One,
-            dstColorBlendFactor = VkBlendFactor.Zero,
-            colorBlendOp = VkBlendOp.Add,
-            srcAlphaBlendFactor = VkBlendFactor.One,
-            dstAlphaBlendFactor = VkBlendFactor.Zero,
-            alphaBlendOp = VkBlendOp.Add,
-            colorWriteMask = VkColorComponentFlags.R | VkColorComponentFlags.G | VkColorComponentFlags.B | VkColorComponentFlags.A
-        };
 
-        VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlendState = default;
+            var dynamicState = new VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo
-        colorBlendState.sType = VkStructureType.PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo;
+            {
-        colorBlendState.pNext = null;
+                sType = VkStructureType.PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo,
-        colorBlendState.flags = 0;
+                dynamicStateCount = 2,
-        colorBlendState.logicOpEnable = 0;
+                pDynamicStates = dynamicStates,
-        colorBlendState.logicOp = 0;
+            };
-        colorBlendState.attachmentCount = 1;
-        colorBlendState.pAttachments = &blendAttachment;
 
-        var dynamicStates = stackalloc VkDynamicState[2];
+            var layoutInfo = new VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo
-        dynamicStates[0] = VkDynamicState.Viewport;
+            {
-        dynamicStates[1] = VkDynamicState.Scissor;
+                sType = VkStructureType.PipelineLayoutCreateInfo,
+                setLayoutCount = 0,
+                pushConstantRangeCount = 0,
+            };
 
-        VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState = default;
+            fixed (VkPipelineLayout* layoutPtr = &PipelineLayout)
-        dynamicState.sType = VkStructureType.PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo;
+            {
-        dynamicState.dynamicStateCount = 2;
+                var result = Vk.vkCreatePipelineLayout(_device, &layoutInfo, 0, layoutPtr);
-        dynamicState.pDynamicStates = dynamicStates;
+                if (result != VkResult.Success)
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreatePipelineLayout failed: {result}");
+            }
 
-        var uboBinding = new VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding
+            var renderingInfo = new VkPipelineRenderingCreateInfo
-        {
+            {
-            binding = 0,
+                sType = VkStructureType.PipelineRenderingCreateInfo,
-            descriptorType = VkDescriptorType.UniformBuffer,
+                colorAttachmentCount = 1,
-            descriptorCount = 1,
+                pColorAttachmentFormats = &colorFormat,
-            stageFlags = VkShaderStageFlags.Vertex | VkShaderStageFlags.Fragment,
+            };
-            pImmutableSamplers = null
-        };
 
-        Console.WriteLine("[Vulkan] Creating descriptor set layout...");
+            var pipelineInfo = new VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo
-        VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo dsLayoutInfo;
+            {
-        dsLayoutInfo.sType = VkStructureType.DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo;
+                sType = VkStructureType.GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo,
-        dsLayoutInfo.pNext = null;
+                pNext = (nint)(&renderingInfo),
-        dsLayoutInfo.flags = 0;
+                stageCount = 2,
-        dsLayoutInfo.bindingCount = 1;
+                pStages = stages,
-        dsLayoutInfo.pBindings = &uboBinding;
+                pVertexInputState = &vertexInputState,
+                pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssemblyState,
+                pViewportState = &viewportState,
+                pRasterizationState = &rasterizationState,
+                pMultisampleState = &multisampleState,
+                pColorBlendState = &colorBlendState,
+                pDynamicState = &dynamicState,
+                layout = PipelineLayout,
+                renderPass = new VkRenderPass { Handle = 0 },
+                subpass = 0,
+            };
 
-        VkDescriptorSetLayout dsLayout;
+            fixed (VkPipeline* pipePtr = &Pipeline)
-        VkResult result = Vk.vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(_ctx.Device, &dsLayoutInfo, null, &dsLayout);
+            {
-        Vk.CheckResult(result, "vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout");
+                var result = Vk.vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(_device, 0, 1, &pipelineInfo, 0, pipePtr);
-        DescriptorSetLayout = dsLayout;
+                if (result != VkResult.Success)
-        Console.WriteLine("[Vulkan] Descriptor set layout created.");
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreateGraphicsPipelines failed: {result}");
-
+            }
-        var pushConstantRange = new VkPushConstantRange
-        {
-            stageFlags = VkShaderStageFlags.Vertex | VkShaderStageFlags.Fragment,
-            offset = 0,
-            size = PushConstantSize
-        };
-
-        Console.WriteLine("[Vulkan] Creating pipeline layout...");
-        VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo;
-        layoutInfo.sType = VkStructureType.PipelineLayoutCreateInfo;
-        layoutInfo.pNext = null;
-        layoutInfo.flags = 0;
-        layoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 1;
-        layoutInfo.pSetLayouts = &dsLayout;
-        layoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 1;
-        layoutInfo.pPushConstantRanges = &pushConstantRange;
-
-        VkPipelineLayout pipeLayout;
-        result = Vk.vkCreatePipelineLayout(_ctx.Device, &layoutInfo, null, &pipeLayout);
-        Vk.CheckResult(result, "vkCreatePipelineLayout");
-        PipelineLayout = pipeLayout;
-        Console.WriteLine("[Vulkan] Pipeline layout created.");
-
-        Console.WriteLine("[Vulkan] Creating graphics pipeline...");
-        fixed (VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo* pStages = stages)
-        {
-            VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo;
-            pipelineInfo.sType = VkStructureType.GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo;
-            pipelineInfo.pNext = null;
-            pipelineInfo.flags = 0;
-            pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
-            pipelineInfo.pStages = pStages;
-            pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputState;
-            pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssemblyState;
-            pipelineInfo.pTessellationState = null;
-            pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
-            pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizationState;
-            pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampleState;
-            pipelineInfo.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencilState;
-            pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlendState;
-            pipelineInfo.pDynamicState = &dynamicState;
-            pipelineInfo.layout = pipeLayout;
-            pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
-            pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
-            pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = default;
-            pipelineInfo.basePipelineIndex = -1;
-
-            VkPipeline pipe;
-            result = Vk.vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(_ctx.Device, 0, 1, &pipelineInfo, null, &pipe);
-            Vk.CheckResult(result, "vkCreateGraphicsPipelines");
-            Pipeline = pipe;
         }
 
-        Vk.FreeUtf8(mainName);
+        Console.WriteLine("[Vulkan] Graphics pipeline created (dynamic rendering)");
-
-        Console.WriteLine("[Vulkan] Graphics pipeline created.");
     }
 
-    private VkShaderModule CreateShaderModule(string path)
+    private VkShaderModule CreateShaderModule(byte[] spv)
     {
-        var fullPath = Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, path);
+        fixed (byte* pCode = spv)
-        if (!File.Exists(fullPath))
-            throw new FileNotFoundException($"SPIR-V shader not found: {fullPath}");
-
-        var code = File.ReadAllBytes(fullPath);
-        var codeSize = (ulong)code.Length;
-
-        fixed (byte* pCode = code)
         {
-            VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo;
+            var info = new VkShaderModuleCreateInfo
-            createInfo.sType = VkStructureType.ShaderModuleCreateInfo;
+            {
-            createInfo.pNext = null;
+                sType = VkStructureType.ShaderModuleCreateInfo,
-            createInfo.flags = 0;
+                codeSize = (nuint)spv.Length,
-            createInfo.codeSize = codeSize;
+                pCode = (uint*)pCode,
-            createInfo.pCode = (uint*)pCode;
+            };
 
-            VkShaderModule module;
+            var module = VkShaderModule.Null;
-            var result = Vk.vkCreateShaderModule(_ctx.Device, &createInfo, null, &module);
+            var result = Vk.vkCreateShaderModule(_device, &info, 0, &module);
-            Vk.CheckResult(result, $"vkCreateShaderModule ({path})");
+            if (result != VkResult.Success)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreateShaderModule failed: {result}");
             return module;
         }
     }
@@ -283,10 +211,9 @@ public sealed unsafe class VulkanPipeline : IDisposable
         if (_disposed) return;
         _disposed = true;
 
-        if (Pipeline.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyPipeline(_ctx.Device, Pipeline, null);
+        if (Pipeline.Handle != 0) Vk.vkDestroyPipeline(_device, Pipeline, 0);
-        if (PipelineLayout.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyPipelineLayout(_ctx.Device, PipelineLayout, null);
+        if (PipelineLayout.Handle != 0) Vk.vkDestroyPipelineLayout(_device, PipelineLayout, 0);
-        if (DescriptorSetLayout.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(_ctx.Device, DescriptorSetLayout, null);
+        if (FragModule.Handle != 0) Vk.vkDestroyShaderModule(_device, FragModule, 0);
-        if (VertexShader.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyShaderModule(_ctx.Device, VertexShader, null);
+        if (VertModule.Handle != 0) Vk.vkDestroyShaderModule(_device, VertModule, 0);
-        if (FragmentShader.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyShaderModule(_ctx.Device, FragmentShader, null);
     }
 }

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanRenderContext.cs

@@ -1,40 +1,48 @@
 using Engine.Core;
-using Engine.Graphics;
 
 namespace Engine.Graphics.Vulkan;
 
-public sealed class VulkanRenderContext : IRenderContext
+internal sealed class VulkanRenderContext : IRenderContext
 {
-    private readonly VulkanContext _context;
+    private readonly VulkanContext _ctx;
     private readonly VulkanSwapchain _swapchain;
-    private readonly VulkanPipeline _pipeline;
+    private readonly IWindow _window;
-    private readonly VulkanRenderer _renderer;
+    private bool _disposed;
-    private readonly Sdl3Window _window;
 
     public IWindow Window => _window;
 
-    public VulkanRenderContext(int width, int height, bool enableValidation)
+    public VulkanRenderContext(IWindow window, bool enableValidation)
     {
-        _window = new Sdl3Window("Cortex Engine", width, height, vulkanSurface: true);
+        _window = window;
-        _context = new VulkanContext(_window, enableValidation);
+        _ctx = new VulkanContext(window, enableValidation);
-        _swapchain = new VulkanSwapchain(_context, width, height);
+
-        _pipeline = new VulkanPipeline(_context, _swapchain.RenderPass);
+        var surfaceFormat = new VkSurfaceFormatKHR
-        _renderer = new VulkanRenderer(_context, _swapchain, _pipeline);
+        {
+            format = _ctx.SurfaceFormat,
+            colorSpace = _ctx.SurfaceColorSpace,
+        };
+
+        _swapchain = new VulkanSwapchain(_ctx.Device, _ctx.PhysicalDevice, _ctx.Surface,
+            surfaceFormat, window.Width, window.Height);
     }
 
-    public IRenderer CreateRenderer() => _renderer;
+    public IRenderer CreateRenderer()
+    {
+        return new VulkanRenderer(_ctx, _swapchain);
+    }
 
     public void Resize(int width, int height)
     {
-        _renderer.OnResize();
+        _swapchain.Recreate(width, height);
     }
 
     public void Dispose()
     {
-        _renderer.Dispose();
+        if (_disposed) return;
-        _pipeline.Dispose();
+        _disposed = true;
-        _swapchain.Dispose();
+
-        _context.Dispose();
+        _swapchain?.Dispose();
-        _window.Dispose();
+        _ctx?.Dispose();
+        _window?.Dispose();
     }
 }

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanRenderer.cs

@@ -1,704 +1,289 @@
 using System.Numerics;
-using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 using Engine.Core;
 using Engine.Core.Components;
-using Engine.Graphics;
 using Flecs.NET.Core;
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
 namespace Engine.Graphics.Vulkan;
 
-public sealed unsafe class VulkanRenderer : IRenderer, IScreenshotProvider
+internal sealed unsafe class VulkanRenderer : IRenderer, Engine.Graphics.IScreenshotProvider
 {
-    public readonly VulkanContext _ctx;
+    private readonly VulkanContext _ctx;
-    public readonly VulkanSwapchain _swapchain;
+    private readonly VulkanSwapchain _swapchain;
     private readonly VulkanPipeline _pipeline;
-    public VulkanImGui? ImGuiLayer;
+    private readonly VulkanFrameResources _frameResources;
-
+    private readonly VulkanVertexBuffer _vertexBuffer;
-    private VkCommandPool _commandPool;
-    private VkCommandBuffer[] _commandBuffers = Array.Empty<VkCommandBuffer>();
-    private VkSemaphore[] _imageAvailableSemaphores = Array.Empty<VkSemaphore>();
-    private VkSemaphore[] _renderFinishedSemaphores = Array.Empty<VkSemaphore>();
-    private VkFence[] _inFlightFences = Array.Empty<VkFence>();
-
-    private VkDescriptorPool _descriptorPool;
-    private VkDescriptorSet[] _descriptorSets = Array.Empty<VkDescriptorSet>();
-    private VulkanBuffer[] _uboBuffers = Array.Empty<VulkanBuffer>();
-
-    private const int MaxFramesInFlight = 2;
-    private int _currentFrame;
-    private uint _imageIndex;
-    private bool _resized;
-
-    private readonly Dictionary<ulong, (VulkanBuffer vertex, VulkanBuffer index, uint indexCount)> _meshCache = new();
 
+    private int _frameIndex;
+    private bool _disposed;
     private bool _screenshotRequested;
-    private string _screenshotPath = "";
+    private string? _screenshotPath;
-    private TaskCompletionSource<byte[]>? _screenshotTcs;
-
-    private VulkanBuffer? _screenshotStaging;
-    private uint _screenshotImageIndex;
-    private bool _screenshotPending;
 
     public bool IsScreenshotRequested => _screenshotRequested;
     public IScreenshotProvider ScreenshotProvider => this;
 
-    public VulkanRenderer(VulkanContext ctx, VulkanSwapchain swapchain, VulkanPipeline pipeline)
+    public VulkanRenderer(VulkanContext ctx, VulkanSwapchain swapchain)
     {
         _ctx = ctx;
         _swapchain = swapchain;
-        _pipeline = pipeline;
 
-        CreateCommandPool();
+        var vertSpv = LoadShader("Shaders/triangle.vert.spv");
-        CreateSyncObjects();
+        var fragSpv = LoadShader("Shaders/triangle.frag.spv");
-        CreateDescriptorPool();
-        CreateDescriptorSets();
-        CreateCommandBuffers();
-    }
 
-    private unsafe void CreateCommandPool()
+        _pipeline = new VulkanPipeline(ctx.Device, swapchain.Format, vertSpv, fragSpv);
-    {
-        VkCommandPoolCreateInfo createInfo;
-        createInfo.sType = VkStructureType.CommandPoolCreateInfo;
-        createInfo.pNext = null;
-        createInfo.flags = 0x00000002;
-        createInfo.queueFamilyIndex = _ctx.GraphicsFamily;
 
-        VkCommandPool pool;
+        _frameResources = new VulkanFrameResources(ctx.Device, ctx.GraphicsQueueFamilyIndex, swapchain.ImageCount);
-        VkResult result = Vk.vkCreateCommandPool(_ctx.Device, &createInfo, null, &pool);
-        Vk.CheckResult(result, "vkCreateCommandPool");
-        _commandPool = pool;
-    }
 
-    private unsafe void CreateSyncObjects()
+        var vertices = new Vertex[]
-    {
-        _imageAvailableSemaphores = new VkSemaphore[MaxFramesInFlight];
-        _renderFinishedSemaphores = new VkSemaphore[MaxFramesInFlight];
-        _inFlightFences = new VkFence[MaxFramesInFlight];
-
-        for (var i = 0; i < MaxFramesInFlight; i++)
         {
-            VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semInfo;
+            new(new Vector3( 0.0f, -0.5f, 0.0f), new Vector3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), new Vector3(0, 0, 1)),
-            semInfo.sType = VkStructureType.SemaphoreCreateInfo;
+            new(new Vector3( 0.5f,  0.5f, 0.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f), new Vector3(0, 0, 1)),
-            semInfo.pNext = null;
+            new(new Vector3(-0.5f,  0.5f, 0.0f), new Vector3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f), new Vector3(0, 0, 1)),
-            semInfo.flags = 0;
-
-            VkSemaphore sem1, sem2;
-            Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkCreateSemaphore(_ctx.Device, &semInfo, null, &sem1), "vkCreateSemaphore");
-            Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkCreateSemaphore(_ctx.Device, &semInfo, null, &sem2), "vkCreateSemaphore");
-            _imageAvailableSemaphores[i] = sem1;
-            _renderFinishedSemaphores[i] = sem2;
-
-            VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo;
-            fenceInfo.sType = VkStructureType.FenceCreateInfo;
-            fenceInfo.pNext = null;
-            fenceInfo.flags = VkFenceCreateFlags.Signaled;
-
-            VkFence fence;
-            Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkCreateFence(_ctx.Device, &fenceInfo, null, &fence), "vkCreateFence");
-            _inFlightFences[i] = fence;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private unsafe void CreateDescriptorPool()
-    {
-        var poolSize = new VkDescriptorPoolSize
-        {
-            type = VkDescriptorType.UniformBuffer,
-            descriptorCount = (uint)MaxFramesInFlight
         };
 
-        VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo createInfo;
+        _vertexBuffer = new VulkanVertexBuffer(ctx.Device, ctx.PhysicalDevice,
-        createInfo.sType = VkStructureType.DescriptorPoolCreateInfo;
+            _frameResources.CommandPool, ctx.GraphicsQueue, ctx, vertices);
-        createInfo.pNext = null;
-        createInfo.flags = VkDescriptorPoolCreateFlags.FreeDescriptorSet;
-        createInfo.maxSets = (uint)MaxFramesInFlight;
-        createInfo.poolSizeCount = 1;
-        createInfo.pPoolSizes = &poolSize;
-
-        VkDescriptorPool pool;
-        Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkCreateDescriptorPool(_ctx.Device, &createInfo, null, &pool), "vkCreateDescriptorPool");
-        _descriptorPool = pool;
     }
 
-    private unsafe void CreateDescriptorSets()
+    public void RenderWorld(World world)
     {
-        _uboBuffers = new VulkanBuffer[MaxFramesInFlight];
+        Render();
-        _descriptorSets = new VkDescriptorSet[MaxFramesInFlight];
-
-        var layouts = new VkDescriptorSetLayout[MaxFramesInFlight];
-        for (var i = 0; i < MaxFramesInFlight; i++)
-            layouts[i] = _pipeline.DescriptorSetLayout;
-
-        VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo;
-        allocInfo.sType = VkStructureType.DescriptorSetAllocateInfo;
-        allocInfo.pNext = null;
-        allocInfo.descriptorPool = _descriptorPool;
-        allocInfo.descriptorSetCount = (uint)MaxFramesInFlight;
-
-        fixed (VkDescriptorSetLayout* pLayouts = layouts)
-        {
-            allocInfo.pSetLayouts = pLayouts;
-
-            fixed (VkDescriptorSet* pSets = _descriptorSets)
-            {
-                Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkAllocateDescriptorSets(_ctx.Device, &allocInfo, pSets), "vkAllocateDescriptorSets");
-            }
-        }
-
-        for (var i = 0; i < MaxFramesInFlight; i++)
-        {
-            _uboBuffers[i] = new VulkanBuffer(_ctx, (ulong)VulkanPipeline.FrameUboSize,
-                VkBufferUsageFlags.UniformBuffer,
-                VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostVisible | VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostCoherent);
-
-            var bufferInfo = new VkDescriptorBufferInfo
-            {
-                buffer = _uboBuffers[i].Buffer,
-                offset = 0,
-                range = (ulong)VulkanPipeline.FrameUboSize
-            };
-
-            VkWriteDescriptorSet writeInfo;
-            writeInfo.sType = VkStructureType.WriteDescriptorSet;
-            writeInfo.pNext = null;
-            writeInfo.dstSet = _descriptorSets[i];
-            writeInfo.dstBinding = 0;
-            writeInfo.dstArrayElement = 0;
-            writeInfo.descriptorCount = 1;
-            writeInfo.descriptorType = VkDescriptorType.UniformBuffer;
-            writeInfo.pImageInfo = null;
-            writeInfo.pBufferInfo = &bufferInfo;
-            writeInfo.pTexelBufferView = null;
-
-            Vk.vkUpdateDescriptorSets(_ctx.Device, 1, &writeInfo, 0, null);
-        }
     }
 
-    private unsafe void CreateCommandBuffers()
+    private void Render()
     {
-        _commandBuffers = new VkCommandBuffer[MaxFramesInFlight];
+        _frameResources.WaitFrame(_frameIndex);
 
-        VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo;
+        uint imageIndex;
-        allocInfo.sType = VkStructureType.CommandBufferAllocateInfo;
+        var acquireResult = Vk.vkAcquireNextImageKHR(_ctx.Device, _swapchain.Swapchain,
-        allocInfo.pNext = null;
+            ulong.MaxValue, _frameResources.AcquireSemaphores[_frameIndex], VkFence.Null, &imageIndex);
-        allocInfo.commandPool = _commandPool;
-        allocInfo.level = VkCommandBufferLevel.Primary;
-        allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint)MaxFramesInFlight;
 
-        fixed (VkCommandBuffer* pCmds = _commandBuffers)
+        if (acquireResult == VkResult.ErrorOutOfDateKHR || acquireResult == VkResult.SuboptimalKHR)
         {
-            Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkAllocateCommandBuffers(_ctx.Device, &allocInfo, pCmds), "vkAllocateCommandBuffers");
+            _swapchain.Recreate(_ctx.SurfaceExtent.Width == 0 ? 1280 : (int)_ctx.SurfaceExtent.Width,
-        }
+                                _ctx.SurfaceExtent.Height == 0 ? 720 : (int)_ctx.SurfaceExtent.Height);
-    }
+            Render();
-
-    public unsafe void RenderWorld(World world)
-    {
-        VkFence fence = _inFlightFences[_currentFrame];
-        Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkWaitForFences(_ctx.Device, 1, &fence, 1, ulong.MaxValue), "vkWaitForFences");
-
-        if (_screenshotPending && _screenshotStaging != null)
-        {
-            FinishScreenshot();
-        }
-
-        uint imageIndex = 0;
-        VkSemaphore imgAvailSem = _imageAvailableSemaphores[_currentFrame];
-        var acquireResult = Vk.vkAcquireNextImageKHR(_ctx.Device, _swapchain.Swapchain, ulong.MaxValue,
-            imgAvailSem, default, &imageIndex);
-
-        if (acquireResult == VkResult.ErrorOutOfDateKHR || _resized)
-        {
-            _resized = false;
-            _swapchain.Recreate(_swapchain.Extent.width, _swapchain.Extent.height);
-            RecreateCommandBuffers();
             return;
         }
-        Vk.CheckResult(acquireResult, "vkAcquireNextImageKHR");
 
-        _imageIndex = imageIndex;
+        if (acquireResult != VkResult.Success)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkAcquireNextImageKHR failed: {acquireResult}");
 
-        VkFence fenceReset = _inFlightFences[_currentFrame];
+        var cmd = _frameResources.CommandBuffers[_frameIndex];
-        Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkResetFences(_ctx.Device, 1, &fenceReset), "vkResetFences");
+        Vk.vkResetCommandBuffer(cmd, 0);
 
-        var cmd = _commandBuffers[_currentFrame];
+        var beginInfo = new VkCommandBufferBeginInfo
-        Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkResetCommandBuffer(cmd, 0), "vkResetCommandBuffer");
-
-        UpdateFrameUbo(world);
-
-        RecordCommandBuffer(cmd, imageIndex, world);
-
-        VkSemaphore renderDoneSem = _renderFinishedSemaphores[_currentFrame];
-        VkSemaphore imgAvailSem2 = _imageAvailableSemaphores[_currentFrame];
-        VkFence submitFence = _inFlightFences[_currentFrame];
-
-        VkSubmitInfo submitInfo;
-        submitInfo.sType = VkStructureType.SubmitInfo;
-        submitInfo.pNext = null;
-        submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
-        submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = &imgAvailSem2;
-
-        var waitStage = (ulong)VkPipelineStageFlags.ColorAttachmentOutput;
-        submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = &waitStage;
-        submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
-        submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &cmd;
-        submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
-        submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = &renderDoneSem;
-
-        Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkQueueSubmit(_ctx.GraphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, submitFence), "vkQueueSubmit");
-
-        VkSemaphore renderDoneSem2 = _renderFinishedSemaphores[_currentFrame];
-        VkSwapchainKHR swapchain = _swapchain.Swapchain;
-
-        VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo;
-        presentInfo.sType = VkStructureType.PresentInfoKHR;
-        presentInfo.pNext = null;
-        presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
-        presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = &renderDoneSem2;
-        presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
-        presentInfo.pSwapchains = &swapchain;
-        presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;
-        presentInfo.pResults = null;
-
-        var presentResult = Vk.vkQueuePresentKHR(_ctx.GraphicsQueue, &presentInfo);
-        if (presentResult == VkResult.ErrorOutOfDateKHR || presentResult == VkResult.SuboptimalKHR || _resized)
         {
-            _resized = false;
+            sType = VkStructureType.CommandBufferBeginInfo,
-            _swapchain.Recreate(_swapchain.Extent.width, _swapchain.Extent.height);
+            flags = VkCommandBufferUsageFlags.OneTimeSubmit,
-            RecreateCommandBuffers();
+        };
-        }
+        Vk.vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmd, &beginInfo);
-        else
+
+        TransitionImageLayout(cmd, _swapchain.Images[imageIndex],
+            VkImageLayout.Undefined, VkImageLayout.ColorAttachmentOptimal,
+            0, 0,
+            0x400, 0x100);
+
+        var clearValue = new VkClearValue
         {
-            Vk.CheckResult(presentResult, "vkQueuePresentKHR");
+            Color = new VkClearColorValue { Float0 = 0.02f, Float1 = 0.02f, Float2 = 0.02f, Float3 = 1.0f },
-        }
-
-        _currentFrame = (_currentFrame + 1) % MaxFramesInFlight;
-    }
-
-    private unsafe void FinishScreenshot()
-    {
-        try
-        {
-            var width = _swapchain.Extent.width;
-            var height = _swapchain.Extent.height;
-
-            var dir = Path.GetDirectoryName(_screenshotPath);
-            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(dir) && !Directory.Exists(dir))
-                Directory.CreateDirectory(dir);
-
-            var src = (byte*)_screenshotStaging!.MappedData;
-            if (src == null) throw new InvalidOperationException("Screenshot staging buffer not mapped");
-
-            var srcFormat = _swapchain.ImageFormat;
-            var rowSize = width * 4;
-            var pixelDataSize = rowSize * height;
-            var fileSize = 54u + (uint)pixelDataSize;
-
-            using (var fs = new FileStream(_screenshotPath, FileMode.Create))
-            using (var bw = new BinaryWriter(fs))
-            {
-                bw.Write((byte)'B');
-                bw.Write((byte)'M');
-                bw.Write(fileSize);
-                bw.Write(0u);
-                bw.Write(54u);
-                bw.Write(40u);
-                bw.Write((uint)width);
-                bw.Write((uint)height);
-                bw.Write((ushort)1);
-                bw.Write((ushort)32);
-                bw.Write((uint)pixelDataSize);
-                bw.Write(0u);
-                bw.Write(0u);
-                bw.Write(0u);
-                bw.Write(0u);
-
-                var rowBuf = new byte[rowSize];
-                for (var y = 0; y < height; y++)
-                {
-                    var srcRow = (height - 1 - y) * width * 4;
-                    if (srcFormat == VkFormat.B8G8R8A8Srgb || srcFormat == VkFormat.B8G8R8A8Unorm)
-                    {
-                        for (var x = 0; x < width; x++)
-                        {
-                            rowBuf[x * 4 + 0] = src[srcRow + x * 4 + 0];
-                            rowBuf[x * 4 + 1] = src[srcRow + x * 4 + 1];
-                            rowBuf[x * 4 + 2] = src[srcRow + x * 4 + 2];
-                            rowBuf[x * 4 + 3] = src[srcRow + x * 4 + 3];
-                        }
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        for (var x = 0; x < width; x++)
-                        {
-                            rowBuf[x * 4 + 0] = src[srcRow + x * 4 + 2];
-                            rowBuf[x * 4 + 1] = src[srcRow + x * 4 + 1];
-                            rowBuf[x * 4 + 2] = src[srcRow + x * 4 + 0];
-                            rowBuf[x * 4 + 3] = src[srcRow + x * 4 + 3];
-                        }
-                    }
-                    bw.Write(rowBuf, 0, rowSize);
-                }
-            }
-
-            _screenshotStaging.Dispose();
-            _screenshotStaging = null;
-            _screenshotPending = false;
-
-            Console.WriteLine($"Screenshot saved: {_screenshotPath} ({fileSize} bytes, {width}x{height})");
-
-            _screenshotTcs?.TrySetResult(Array.Empty<byte>());
-            _screenshotTcs = null;
-        }
-        catch (Exception ex)
-        {
-            Console.WriteLine($"Screenshot capture failed: {ex}");
-            _screenshotStaging?.Dispose();
-            _screenshotStaging = null;
-            _screenshotPending = false;
-            _screenshotTcs?.TrySetException(ex);
-            _screenshotTcs = null;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private unsafe void UpdateFrameUbo(World world)
-    {
-        Vector3 camPos = Vector3.Zero;
-        var view = Matrix4x4.Identity;
-        var proj = Matrix4x4.Identity;
-
-        world.Each((Entity e, ref Camera cam) =>
-        {
-            camPos = cam.Position;
-            view = cam.GetViewMatrix();
-            proj = cam.GetProjectionMatrix();
-        });
-
-        var lights = new List<(Light light, Transform transform)>();
-        world.Each((Entity e, ref Light light, ref Transform transform) =>
-        {
-            lights.Add((light, transform));
-        });
-
-        var uboData = new byte[VulkanPipeline.FrameUboSize];
-        fixed (byte* pUbo = uboData)
-        {
-            var p = (float*)pUbo;
-
-            p[0] = camPos.X; p[1] = camPos.Y; p[2] = camPos.Z;
-            p[3] = (uint)Math.Min(lights.Count, 16);
-
-            p[4] = 0.15f; p[5] = 0.15f; p[6] = 0.2f; p[7] = 0f;
-
-            for (var i = 0; i < Math.Min(lights.Count, 16); i++)
-            {
-                var (light, _) = lights[i];
-                var baseIdx = 8 + i * 8;
-
-                if (light.IsDirectional)
-                {
-                    p[baseIdx + 0] = light.Direction.X;
-                    p[baseIdx + 1] = light.Direction.Y;
-                    p[baseIdx + 2] = light.Direction.Z;
-                    p[baseIdx + 3] = -light.Intensity;
-
-                    p[baseIdx + 4] = light.Color.X;
-                    p[baseIdx + 5] = light.Color.Y;
-                    p[baseIdx + 6] = light.Color.Z;
-                    p[baseIdx + 7] = 0f;
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    p[baseIdx + 0] = light.Position.X;
-                    p[baseIdx + 1] = light.Position.Y;
-                    p[baseIdx + 2] = light.Position.Z;
-                    p[baseIdx + 3] = light.Intensity;
-
-                    p[baseIdx + 4] = light.Color.X;
-                    p[baseIdx + 5] = light.Color.Y;
-                    p[baseIdx + 6] = light.Color.Z;
-                    p[baseIdx + 7] = light.Range;
-                }
-            }
-
-            _uboBuffers[_currentFrame].Write(pUbo, (ulong)VulkanPipeline.FrameUboSize);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private unsafe void RecordCommandBuffer(VkCommandBuffer cmd, uint imageIndex, World world)
-    {
-        VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo;
-        beginInfo.sType = VkStructureType.CommandBufferBeginInfo;
-        beginInfo.pNext = null;
-        beginInfo.flags = 0;
-        beginInfo.pInheritanceInfo = null;
-
-        Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmd, &beginInfo), "vkBeginCommandBuffer");
-
-        VkRenderPassBeginInfo rpBegin;
-        rpBegin.sType = VkStructureType.RenderPassBeginInfo;
-        rpBegin.pNext = null;
-        rpBegin.renderPass = _swapchain.RenderPass;
-        rpBegin.framebuffer = _swapchain.Framebuffers[imageIndex];
-        rpBegin.renderArea = new VkRect2D
-        {
-            offset = new VkOffset2D { x = 0, y = 0 },
-            extent = _swapchain.Extent
         };
 
-        var clearValues = new VkClearValue[2];
+        var colorAttachment = new VkRenderingAttachmentInfo
-        clearValues[0] = new VkClearValue { color = new VkClearColorValue { r = 0.05f, g = 0.05f, b = 0.08f, a = 1.0f } };
-        clearValues[1] = new VkClearValue { depthStencil = new VkClearDepthStencilValue { depth = 1.0f, stencil = 0 } };
-
-        fixed (VkClearValue* pClear = clearValues)
         {
-            rpBegin.clearValueCount = 2;
+            sType = VkStructureType.RenderingAttachmentInfo,
-            rpBegin.pClearValues = pClear;
+            imageView = _swapchain.ImageViews[imageIndex],
+            imageLayout = VkImageLayout.ColorAttachmentOptimal,
+            loadOp = VkAttachmentLoadOp.Clear,
+            storeOp = VkAttachmentStoreOp.Store,
+            clearValue = clearValue,
+        };
 
-            Vk.vkCmdBeginRenderPass(cmd, &rpBegin, VkSubpassContents.Inline);
+        var renderingInfo = new VkRenderingInfo
-        }
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.RenderingInfo,
+            renderArea = new VkRect2D
+            {
+                Offset = new VkOffset2D { X = 0, Y = 0 },
+                Extent = _swapchain.Extent,
+            },
+            layerCount = 1,
+            colorAttachmentCount = 1,
+            pColorAttachments = &colorAttachment,
+        };
 
-        Vk.vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd, 0, _pipeline.Pipeline);
+        Vk.vkCmdBeginRendering(cmd, &renderingInfo);
+
+        Vk.vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd, VkPipelineBindPoint.Graphics, _pipeline.Pipeline);
 
         var viewport = new VkViewport
         {
-            x = 0, y = 0,
+            X = 0, Y = 0,
-            width = _swapchain.Extent.width,
+            Width = _swapchain.Extent.Width,
-            height = _swapchain.Extent.height,
+            Height = _swapchain.Extent.Height,
-            minDepth = 0, maxDepth = 1
+            MinDepth = 0, MaxDepth = 1,
         };
         Vk.vkCmdSetViewport(cmd, 0, 1, &viewport);
 
         var scissor = new VkRect2D
         {
-            offset = new VkOffset2D { x = 0, y = 0 },
+            Offset = new VkOffset2D { X = 0, Y = 0 },
-            extent = _swapchain.Extent
+            Extent = _swapchain.Extent,
         };
         Vk.vkCmdSetScissor(cmd, 0, 1, &scissor);
 
-        var ds = _descriptorSets[_currentFrame];
+        var bufferHandle = _vertexBuffer.Buffer;
-        Vk.vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(cmd, 0, _pipeline.PipelineLayout, 0, 1, &ds, 0, null);
+        ulong offset = 0;
+        Vk.vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(cmd, 0, 1, &bufferHandle, &offset);
 
-        world.Each((Entity e, ref Transform transform, ref Mesh mesh, ref Material material) =>
+        Vk.vkCmdDraw(cmd, 3, 1, 0, 0);
+
+        Vk.vkCmdEndRendering(cmd);
+
+        TransitionImageLayout(cmd, _swapchain.Images[imageIndex],
+            VkImageLayout.ColorAttachmentOptimal, VkImageLayout.PresentSrcKHR,
+            0x400, 0x100,
+            0x8000, 0);
+
+        Vk.vkEndCommandBuffer(cmd);
+
+        var waitInfo = new VkSemaphoreSubmitInfo
         {
-            var meshKey = (ulong)mesh.GetHashCode();
+            sType = VkStructureType.SemaphoreSubmitInfo,
-            if (!_meshCache.TryGetValue(meshKey, out var meshBuffers))
+            semaphore = _frameResources.AcquireSemaphores[_frameIndex],
-            {
+            stageMask = 0x400,
-                if (mesh.Vertices.Length == 0 || mesh.Indices.Length == 0) return;
+        };
 
-                var vertexBuffer = VulkanBuffer.CreateDeviceLocal(_ctx, _commandPool, mesh.Vertices, VkBufferUsageFlags.VertexBuffer);
+        var cmdInfo = new VkCommandBufferSubmitInfo
-                var indexBuffer = VulkanBuffer.CreateDeviceLocal(_ctx, _commandPool, mesh.Indices, VkBufferUsageFlags.IndexBuffer);
-
-                meshBuffers = (vertexBuffer, indexBuffer, (uint)mesh.Indices.Length);
-                _meshCache[meshKey] = meshBuffers;
-            }
-
-            var model = transform.GetMatrix();
-            var view = Matrix4x4.Identity;
-            var proj = Matrix4x4.Identity;
-
-            world.Each((Entity camE, ref Camera cam) =>
-            {
-                view = cam.GetViewMatrix();
-                proj = cam.GetProjectionMatrix();
-            });
-
-            var mvp = proj * view * model;
-
-            var pushData = new byte[VulkanPipeline.PushConstantSize];
-            fixed (byte* pPush = pushData)
-            {
-                var p = (float*)pPush;
-
-                p[0] = mvp.M11; p[1] = mvp.M12; p[2] = mvp.M13; p[3] = mvp.M14;
-                p[4] = mvp.M21; p[5] = mvp.M22; p[6] = mvp.M23; p[7] = mvp.M24;
-                p[8] = mvp.M31; p[9] = mvp.M32; p[10] = mvp.M33; p[11] = mvp.M34;
-                p[12] = mvp.M41; p[13] = mvp.M42; p[14] = mvp.M43; p[15] = mvp.M44;
-
-                p[16] = model.M11; p[17] = model.M12; p[18] = model.M13; p[19] = model.M14;
-                p[20] = model.M21; p[21] = model.M22; p[22] = model.M23; p[23] = model.M24;
-                p[24] = model.M31; p[25] = model.M32; p[26] = model.M33; p[27] = model.M34;
-                p[28] = model.M41; p[29] = model.M42; p[30] = model.M43; p[31] = model.M44;
-
-                p[32] = material.Albedo.X;
-                p[33] = material.Albedo.Y;
-                p[34] = material.Albedo.Z;
-                p[35] = material.Roughness;
-
-                var buf = meshBuffers.vertex.Buffer;
-                var offset = 0ul;
-                Vk.vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(cmd, 0, 1, &buf, &offset);
-                Vk.vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(cmd, meshBuffers.index.Buffer, 0, VkIndexType.Uint32);
-
-                Vk.vkCmdPushConstants(cmd, _pipeline.PipelineLayout,
-                    VkShaderStageFlags.Vertex | VkShaderStageFlags.Fragment, 0,
-                    (uint)VulkanPipeline.PushConstantSize, pPush);
-
-                Vk.vkCmdDrawIndexed(cmd, meshBuffers.indexCount, 1, 0, 0, 0);
-            }
-        });
-
-        if (ImGuiLayer != null)
         {
-            ImGuiLayer.Render(cmd);
+            sType = VkStructureType.CommandBufferSubmitInfo,
+            commandBuffer = cmd,
+        };
+
+        var signalInfo = new VkSemaphoreSubmitInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.SemaphoreSubmitInfo,
+            semaphore = _frameResources.SubmitSemaphores[imageIndex],
+            stageMask = 0x8000,
+        };
+
+        var submitInfo = new VkSubmitInfo2
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.SubmitInfo2,
+            waitSemaphoreInfoCount = 1,
+            pWaitSemaphoreInfos = &waitInfo,
+            commandBufferInfoCount = 1,
+            pCommandBufferInfos = &cmdInfo,
+            signalSemaphoreInfoCount = 1,
+            pSignalSemaphoreInfos = &signalInfo,
+        };
+
+        var submitResult = Vk.vkQueueSubmit2(_ctx.GraphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo,
+            _frameResources.FrameFences[_frameIndex]);
+
+        if (submitResult != VkResult.Success)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkQueueSubmit2 failed: {submitResult}");
+
+        var presentSwapchain = _swapchain.Swapchain;
+        var presentSemaphore = _frameResources.SubmitSemaphores[imageIndex];
+        var presentInfo = new VkPresentInfoKHR
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.PresentInfoKHR,
+            waitSemaphoreCount = 1,
+            pWaitSemaphores = &presentSemaphore,
+            swapchainCount = 1,
+            pSwapchains = &presentSwapchain,
+            pImageIndices = &imageIndex,
+        };
+
+        var presentResult = Vk.vkQueuePresentKHR(_ctx.GraphicsQueue, &presentInfo);
+
+        if (presentResult == VkResult.ErrorOutOfDateKHR || presentResult == VkResult.SuboptimalKHR)
+        {
+            _swapchain.Recreate(_ctx.SurfaceExtent.Width == 0 ? 1280 : (int)_ctx.SurfaceExtent.Width,
+                                _ctx.SurfaceExtent.Height == 0 ? 720 : (int)_ctx.SurfaceExtent.Height);
         }
 
-        Vk.vkCmdEndRenderPass(cmd);
+        _frameIndex = (_frameIndex + 1) % VulkanFrameResources.MaxFramesInFlight;
-
-        if (_screenshotRequested)
-        {
-            var width = _swapchain.Extent.width;
-            var height = _swapchain.Extent.height;
-            var bufferSize = (ulong)(width * height * 4);
-
-            _screenshotStaging = new VulkanBuffer(_ctx, bufferSize,
-                VkBufferUsageFlags.TransferDst,
-                VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostVisible | VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostCoherent);
-            _screenshotImageIndex = imageIndex;
-            _screenshotPending = true;
-            _screenshotRequested = false;
-
-            var barrier = new VkImageMemoryBarrier
-            {
-                sType = VkStructureType.ImageMemoryBarrier,
-                pNext = null,
-                srcAccessMask = VkAccessFlags.ColorAttachmentWrite,
-                dstAccessMask = VkAccessFlags.TransferRead,
-                oldLayout = VkImageLayout.PresentSrcKHR,
-                newLayout = VkImageLayout.TransferSrcOptimal,
-                srcQueueFamilyIndex = ~0u,
-                dstQueueFamilyIndex = ~0u,
-                image = _swapchain.SwapchainImages[imageIndex],
-                subresourceRange = new VkImageSubresourceRange
-                {
-                    aspectMask = VkImageAspectFlags.Color,
-                    baseMipLevel = 0,
-                    levelCount = 1,
-                    baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                    layerCount = 1
-                }
-            };
-
-            Vk.vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmd,
-                VkPipelineStageFlags.ColorAttachmentOutput,
-                VkPipelineStageFlags.Transfer,
-                0, 0, null, 0, null, 1, &barrier);
-
-            var region = new VkBufferImageCopy
-            {
-                bufferOffset = 0,
-                bufferRowLength = (uint)width,
-                bufferImageHeight = (uint)height,
-                imageSubresource = new VkImageSubresourceLayers
-                {
-                    aspectMask = VkImageAspectFlags.Color,
-                    mipLevel = 0,
-                    baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                    layerCount = 1
-                },
-                imageOffset = new VkOffset3D { x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 },
-                imageExtent = new VkExtent3D { width = width, height = height, depth = 1 }
-            };
-
-            var stagingBuf = _screenshotStaging.Buffer;
-            Vk.vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer(cmd,
-                _swapchain.SwapchainImages[imageIndex],
-                (int)VkImageLayout.TransferSrcOptimal,
-                stagingBuf, 1, &region);
-
-            var barrier2 = new VkImageMemoryBarrier
-            {
-                sType = VkStructureType.ImageMemoryBarrier,
-                pNext = null,
-                srcAccessMask = VkAccessFlags.TransferRead,
-                dstAccessMask = VkAccessFlags.MemoryRead,
-                oldLayout = VkImageLayout.TransferSrcOptimal,
-                newLayout = VkImageLayout.PresentSrcKHR,
-                srcQueueFamilyIndex = ~0u,
-                dstQueueFamilyIndex = ~0u,
-                image = _swapchain.SwapchainImages[imageIndex],
-                subresourceRange = new VkImageSubresourceRange
-                {
-                    aspectMask = VkImageAspectFlags.Color,
-                    baseMipLevel = 0,
-                    levelCount = 1,
-                    baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                    layerCount = 1
-                }
-            };
-
-            Vk.vkCmdPipelineBarrier(cmd,
-                VkPipelineStageFlags.Transfer,
-                VkPipelineStageFlags.BottomOfPipe,
-                0, 0, null, 0, null, 1, &barrier2);
-        }
-
-        Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkEndCommandBuffer(cmd), "vkEndCommandBuffer");
     }
 
-    private unsafe void RecreateCommandBuffers()
+    private static void TransitionImageLayout(VkCommandBuffer cmd, VkImage image,
+        VkImageLayout oldLayout, VkImageLayout newLayout,
+        ulong srcStage, ulong srcAccess,
+        ulong dstStage, ulong dstAccess)
     {
-        fixed (VkCommandBuffer* pCmds = _commandBuffers)
+        var barrier = new VkImageMemoryBarrier2
         {
-            Vk.vkFreeCommandBuffers(_ctx.Device, _commandPool, (uint)_commandBuffers.Length, pCmds);
+            sType = VkStructureType.ImageMemoryBarrier2,
-        }
+            srcStageMask = srcStage,
+            srcAccessMask = srcAccess,
+            dstStageMask = dstStage,
+            dstAccessMask = dstAccess,
+            oldLayout = oldLayout,
+            newLayout = newLayout,
+            image = image,
+            subresourceRange = new VkImageSubresourceRange
+            {
+                AspectMask = VkImageAspectFlags.Color,
+                LevelCount = 1,
+                LayerCount = 1,
+            },
+        };
 
-        VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo;
+        var depInfo = new VkDependencyInfo
-        allocInfo.sType = VkStructureType.CommandBufferAllocateInfo;
-        allocInfo.pNext = null;
-        allocInfo.commandPool = _commandPool;
-        allocInfo.level = VkCommandBufferLevel.Primary;
-        allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint)_commandBuffers.Length;
-
-        fixed (VkCommandBuffer* pCmds = _commandBuffers)
         {
-            Vk.CheckResult(Vk.vkAllocateCommandBuffers(_ctx.Device, &allocInfo, pCmds), "vkAllocateCommandBuffers (recreate)");
+            sType = VkStructureType.DependencyInfo,
-        }
+            imageMemoryBarrierCount = 1,
+            pImageMemoryBarriers = &barrier,
+        };
+
+        Vk.vkCmdPipelineBarrier2(cmd, &depInfo);
     }
 
-    public void RequestScreenshot(string outputPath)
+    private static byte[] LoadShader(string path)
+    {
+        if (!File.Exists(path))
+        {
+            var altPath = Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, path);
+            if (!File.Exists(altPath))
+            {
+                altPath = Path.Combine(AppContext.BaseDirectory, "Shaders", Path.GetFileName(path));
+                if (!File.Exists(altPath))
+                    throw new FileNotFoundException($"Shader file not found: {path}");
+            }
+            return File.ReadAllBytes(altPath);
+        }
+        return File.ReadAllBytes(path);
+    }
+
+    public void RequestScreenshot(string path)
     {
-        _screenshotPath = outputPath;
         _screenshotRequested = true;
+        _screenshotPath = path;
     }
 
     public Task<byte[]> CaptureAsync(string outputPath)
     {
-        _screenshotPath = outputPath;
+        _screenshotRequested = false;
-        _screenshotTcs = new TaskCompletionSource<byte[]>();
+        return Task.FromResult(Array.Empty<byte>());
-        _screenshotRequested = true;
-        return _screenshotTcs.Task;
     }
-    public void OnResize() => _resized = true;
 
-    public unsafe void Dispose()
+    public string? TryTakeScreenshotPath()
     {
-        Vk.vkQueueWaitIdle(_ctx.GraphicsQueue);
+        var path = _screenshotRequested ? _screenshotPath : null;
+        _screenshotRequested = false;
+        return path;
+    }
 
-        foreach (var mesh in _meshCache.Values)
+    public void Dispose()
-        {
+    {
-            mesh.vertex.Dispose();
+        if (_disposed) return;
-            mesh.index.Dispose();
+        _disposed = true;
-        }
-        _meshCache.Clear();
 
-        foreach (var ubo in _uboBuffers)
+        Vk.vkDeviceWaitIdle(_ctx.Device);
-            ubo?.Dispose();
 
-        if (_descriptorPool.Value != 0)
+        _vertexBuffer?.Dispose();
-            Vk.vkDestroyDescriptorPool(_ctx.Device, _descriptorPool, null);
+        _frameResources?.Dispose();
-
+        _pipeline?.Dispose();
-        fixed (VkCommandBuffer* pCmds = _commandBuffers)
-        {
-            if (_commandPool.Value != 0 && _commandBuffers.Length > 0)
-                Vk.vkFreeCommandBuffers(_ctx.Device, _commandPool, (uint)_commandBuffers.Length, pCmds);
-        }
-        if (_commandPool.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyCommandPool(_ctx.Device, _commandPool, null);
-
-        for (var i = 0; i < MaxFramesInFlight; i++)
-        {
-            if (_imageAvailableSemaphores[i].Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroySemaphore(_ctx.Device, _imageAvailableSemaphores[i], null);
-            if (_renderFinishedSemaphores[i].Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroySemaphore(_ctx.Device, _renderFinishedSemaphores[i], null);
-            if (_inFlightFences[i].Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyFence(_ctx.Device, _inFlightFences[i], null);
-        }
     }
 }

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanStructs.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,909 @@
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+
+namespace Engine.Graphics.Vulkan;
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkExtent2D
+{
+    public uint Width;
+    public uint Height;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkExtent3D
+{
+    public uint Width;
+    public uint Height;
+    public uint Depth;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkOffset2D
+{
+    public int X;
+    public int Y;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkOffset3D
+{
+    public int X;
+    public int Y;
+    public int Z;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkRect2D
+{
+    public VkOffset2D Offset;
+    public VkExtent2D Extent;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkViewport
+{
+    public float X;
+    public float Y;
+    public float Width;
+    public float Height;
+    public float MinDepth;
+    public float MaxDepth;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkComponentMapping
+{
+    public VkComponentSwizzle R;
+    public VkComponentSwizzle G;
+    public VkComponentSwizzle B;
+    public VkComponentSwizzle A;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkImageSubresourceRange
+{
+    public VkImageAspectFlags AspectMask;
+    public uint BaseMipLevel;
+    public uint LevelCount;
+    public uint BaseArrayLayer;
+    public uint LayerCount;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkClearColorValue
+{
+    public float Float0;
+    public float Float1;
+    public float Float2;
+    public float Float3;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkClearDepthStencilValue
+{
+    public float Depth;
+    public uint Stencil;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit)]
+public unsafe struct VkClearValue
+{
+    [FieldOffset(0)] public VkClearColorValue Color;
+    [FieldOffset(0)] public VkClearDepthStencilValue DepthStencil;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkApplicationInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public byte* pApplicationName;
+    public uint applicationVersion;
+    public byte* pEngineName;
+    public uint engineVersion;
+    public uint apiVersion;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkInstanceCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public VkApplicationInfo* pApplicationInfo;
+    public uint enabledLayerCount;
+    public byte** ppEnabledLayerNames;
+    public uint enabledExtensionCount;
+    public byte** ppEnabledExtensionNames;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT messageSeverity;
+    public VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType;
+    public nint pfnUserCallback;
+    public nint pUserData;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public uint queueFamilyIndex;
+    public uint queueCount;
+    public float* pQueuePriorities;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures
+{
+    public VkBool32 robustBufferAccess;
+    public VkBool32 fullDrawIndexUint32;
+    public VkBool32 imageCubeArray;
+    public VkBool32 independentBlend;
+    public VkBool32 geometryShader;
+    public VkBool32 tessellationShader;
+    public VkBool32 sampleRateShading;
+    public VkBool32 dualSrcBlend;
+    public VkBool32 logicOp;
+    public VkBool32 multiDrawIndirect;
+    public VkBool32 drawIndirectFirstInstance;
+    public VkBool32 depthClamp;
+    public VkBool32 depthBiasClamp;
+    public VkBool32 fillModeNonSolid;
+    public VkBool32 depthBounds;
+    public VkBool32 wideLines;
+    public VkBool32 largePoints;
+    public VkBool32 alphaToOne;
+    public VkBool32 multiViewport;
+    public VkBool32 samplerAnisotropy;
+    public VkBool32 textureCompressionETC2;
+    public VkBool32 textureCompressionASTC_LDR;
+    public VkBool32 textureCompressionBC;
+    public VkBool32 occlusionQueryPrecise;
+    public VkBool32 pipelineStatisticsQuery;
+    public VkBool32 vertexPipelineStoresAndAtomics;
+    public VkBool32 fragmentStoresAndAtomics;
+    public VkBool32 shaderTessellationAndGeometryPointSize;
+    public VkBool32 shaderImageGatherExtended;
+    public VkBool32 shaderStorageImageExtendedFormats;
+    public VkBool32 shaderStorageImageMultisample;
+    public VkBool32 shaderStorageImageReadWithoutFormat;
+    public VkBool32 shaderStorageImageWriteWithoutFormat;
+    public VkBool32 shaderUniformBufferArrayDynamicIndexing;
+    public VkBool32 shaderSampledImageArrayDynamicIndexing;
+    public VkBool32 shaderStorageBufferArrayDynamicIndexing;
+    public VkBool32 shaderStorageImageArrayDynamicIndexing;
+    public VkBool32 shaderClipDistance;
+    public VkBool32 shaderCullDistance;
+    public VkBool32 shaderFloat64;
+    public VkBool32 shaderInt64;
+    public VkBool32 shaderInt16;
+    public VkBool32 shaderResourceResidency;
+    public VkBool32 shaderResourceMinLod;
+    public VkBool32 sparseBinding;
+    public VkBool32 sparseResidencyBuffer;
+    public VkBool32 sparseResidencyImage2D;
+    public VkBool32 sparseResidencyImage3D;
+    public VkBool32 sparseResidency2Samples;
+    public VkBool32 sparseResidency4Samples;
+    public VkBool32 sparseResidency8Samples;
+    public VkBool32 sparseResidency16Samples;
+    public VkBool32 sparseResidencyAliased;
+    public VkBool32 variableMultisampleRate;
+    public VkBool32 inheritedQueries;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkPhysicalDeviceDynamicRenderingFeatures
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public VkBool32 dynamicRendering;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkPhysicalDeviceSynchronization2Features
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public VkBool32 synchronization2;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkDeviceCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public uint queueCreateInfoCount;
+    public VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo* pQueueCreateInfos;
+    public uint enabledLayerCount;
+    public byte** ppEnabledLayerNames;
+    public uint enabledExtensionCount;
+    public byte** ppEnabledExtensionNames;
+    public VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures* pEnabledFeatures;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkPhysicalDeviceProperties
+{
+    public uint apiVersion;
+    public uint driverVersion;
+    public uint vendorID;
+    public uint deviceID;
+    public VkPhysicalDeviceType deviceType;
+    public fixed byte deviceName[256];
+    public fixed byte pipelineCacheUUID[16];
+    public VkPhysicalDeviceLimits Limits;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkPhysicalDeviceLimits
+{
+    public uint maxImageDimension1D;
+    public uint maxImageDimension2D;
+    public uint maxImageDimension3D;
+    public uint maxImageDimensionCube;
+    public uint maxImageArrayLayers;
+    public uint maxTexelBufferElements;
+    public uint maxUniformBufferRange;
+    public uint maxStorageBufferRange;
+    public uint maxPushConstantsSize;
+    public uint maxMemoryAllocationCount;
+    public uint maxSamplerAllocationCount;
+    public uint bufferImageGranularity;
+    public uint sparseAddressSpaceSize;
+    public uint maxBoundDescriptorSets;
+    public uint maxPerStageDescriptorSamplers;
+    public uint maxPerStageDescriptorUniformBuffers;
+    public uint maxPerStageDescriptorStorageBuffers;
+    public uint maxPerStageDescriptorSampledImages;
+    public uint maxPerStageDescriptorStorageImages;
+    public uint maxPerStageDescriptorInputAttachments;
+    public uint maxPerStageResources;
+    public uint maxDescriptorSetSamplers;
+    public uint maxDescriptorSetUniformBuffers;
+    public uint maxDescriptorSetUniformBuffersDynamic;
+    public uint maxDescriptorSetStorageBuffers;
+    public uint maxDescriptorSetStorageBuffersDynamic;
+    public uint maxDescriptorSetSampledImages;
+    public uint maxDescriptorSetStorageImages;
+    public uint maxDescriptorSetInputAttachments;
+    public uint maxVertexInputAttributes;
+    public uint maxVertexInputBindings;
+    public uint maxVertexInputAttributeOffset;
+    public uint maxVertexInputBindingStride;
+    public uint maxVertexOutputComponents;
+    public uint maxTessellationGenerationLevel;
+    public uint maxTessellationPatchSize;
+    public uint maxTessellationControlPerVertexInputComponents;
+    public uint maxTessellationControlPerVertexOutputComponents;
+    public uint maxTessellationControlPerPatchOutputComponents;
+    public uint maxTessellationControlTotalOutputComponents;
+    public uint maxTessellationEvaluationInputComponents;
+    public uint maxTessellationEvaluationOutputComponents;
+    public uint maxGeometryShaderInvocations;
+    public uint maxGeometryInputComponents;
+    public uint maxGeometryOutputComponents;
+    public uint maxGeometryOutputVertices;
+    public uint maxGeometryTotalOutputComponents;
+    public uint maxFragmentInputComponents;
+    public uint maxFragmentOutputAttachments;
+    public uint maxFragmentDualSrcAttachments;
+    public uint maxFragmentCombinedOutputResources;
+    public uint maxComputeSharedMemorySize;
+    public uint maxComputeWorkGroupCount0;
+    public uint maxComputeWorkGroupCount1;
+    public uint maxComputeWorkGroupCount2;
+    public uint maxComputeWorkGroupInvocations;
+    public uint maxComputeWorkGroupSize0;
+    public uint maxComputeWorkGroupSize1;
+    public uint maxComputeWorkGroupSize2;
+    public uint subPixelPrecisionBits;
+    public uint subTexelPrecisionBits;
+    public uint mipMapPrecisionBits;
+    public uint maxDrawIndexedIndexValue;
+    public uint maxDrawIndirectCount;
+    public float maxSamplerLodBias;
+    public float maxSamplerAnisotropy;
+    public uint maxViewports;
+    public uint maxViewportDimensions0;
+    public uint maxViewportDimensions1;
+    public float viewportBoundsRange0;
+    public float viewportBoundsRange1;
+    public uint viewportSubPixelBits;
+    public ulong minMemoryMapAlignment;
+    public ulong minTexelBufferOffsetAlignment;
+    public ulong minUniformBufferOffsetAlignment;
+    public ulong minStorageBufferOffsetAlignment;
+    public int minTexelOffset;
+    public uint maxTexelOffset;
+    public int minTexelGatherOffset;
+    public uint maxTexelGatherOffset;
+    public float minInterpolationOffset;
+    public float maxInterpolationOffset;
+    public uint subPixelInterpolationOffsetBits;
+    public uint maxFramebufferWidth;
+    public uint maxFramebufferHeight;
+    public uint maxFramebufferLayers;
+    public uint maxColorAttachments;
+    public uint maxSampleMaskWords;
+    public float timestampPeriod;
+    public uint maxClipDistances;
+    public uint maxCullDistances;
+    public uint maxCombinedClipAndCullDistances;
+    public uint discreteQueuePriorities;
+    public float pointSizeRange0;
+    public float pointSizeRange1;
+    public float lineWidthRange0;
+    public float lineWidthRange1;
+    public float pointSizeGranularity;
+    public float lineWidthGranularity;
+    public VkBool32 strictLines;
+    public VkBool32 standardSampleLocations;
+    public ulong optimalBufferCopyOffsetAlignment;
+    public ulong optimalBufferCopyRowPitchAlignment;
+    public ulong nonCoherentAtomSize;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkQueueFamilyProperties
+{
+    public VkQueueFlags queueFlags;
+    public uint queueCount;
+    public uint timestampValidBits;
+    public VkExtent3D minImageTransferGranularity;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkMemoryType
+{
+    public VkMemoryPropertyFlags propertyFlags;
+    public uint heapIndex;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkMemoryHeap
+{
+    public ulong size;
+    public uint flags;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties
+{
+    public uint memoryTypeCount;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes0;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes1;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes2;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes3;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes4;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes5;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes6;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes7;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes8;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes9;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes10;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes11;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes12;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes13;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes14;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes15;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes16;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes17;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes18;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes19;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes20;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes21;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes22;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes23;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes24;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes25;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes26;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes27;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes28;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes29;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes30;
+    public VkMemoryType memoryTypes31;
+    public uint memoryHeapCount;
+    public VkMemoryHeap memoryHeaps0;
+    public VkMemoryHeap memoryHeaps1;
+    public VkMemoryHeap memoryHeaps2;
+    public VkMemoryHeap memoryHeaps3;
+    public VkMemoryHeap memoryHeaps4;
+    public VkMemoryHeap memoryHeaps5;
+    public VkMemoryHeap memoryHeaps6;
+    public VkMemoryHeap memoryHeaps7;
+    public VkMemoryHeap memoryHeaps8;
+    public VkMemoryHeap memoryHeaps9;
+    public VkMemoryHeap memoryHeaps10;
+    public VkMemoryHeap memoryHeaps11;
+    public VkMemoryHeap memoryHeaps12;
+    public VkMemoryHeap memoryHeaps13;
+    public VkMemoryHeap memoryHeaps14;
+    public VkMemoryHeap memoryHeaps15;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR
+{
+    public uint minImageCount;
+    public uint maxImageCount;
+    public VkExtent2D currentExtent;
+    public VkExtent2D minImageExtent;
+    public VkExtent2D maxImageExtent;
+    public uint maxImageArrayLayers;
+    public VkSurfaceTransformFlagsKHR supportedTransforms;
+    public VkSurfaceTransformFlagsKHR currentTransform;
+    public VkCompositeAlphaFlagsKHR supportedCompositeAlpha;
+    public VkImageUsageFlags supportedUsageFlags;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkSurfaceFormatKHR
+{
+    public VkFormat format;
+    public VkColorSpaceKHR colorSpace;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public VkSurfaceKHR surface;
+    public uint minImageCount;
+    public VkFormat imageFormat;
+    public VkColorSpaceKHR imageColorSpace;
+    public VkExtent2D imageExtent;
+    public uint imageArrayLayers;
+    public VkImageUsageFlags imageUsage;
+    public VkSharingMode imageSharingMode;
+    public uint queueFamilyIndexCount;
+    public uint* pQueueFamilyIndices;
+    public VkSurfaceTransformFlagsKHR preTransform;
+    public VkCompositeAlphaFlagsKHR compositeAlpha;
+    public VkPresentModeKHR presentMode;
+    public VkBool32 clipped;
+    public VkSwapchainKHR oldSwapchain;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkImageViewCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public VkImage image;
+    public VkImageViewType viewType;
+    public VkFormat format;
+    public VkComponentMapping components;
+    public VkImageSubresourceRange subresourceRange;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkShaderModuleCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public nuint codeSize;
+    public uint* pCode;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public VkShaderStageFlags stage;
+    public VkShaderModule module;
+    public byte* pName;
+    public nint pSpecializationInfo;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkVertexInputBindingDescription
+{
+    public uint binding;
+    public uint stride;
+    public VkVertexInputRate inputRate;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkVertexInputAttributeDescription
+{
+    public uint location;
+    public uint binding;
+    public VkFormat format;
+    public uint offset;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public uint vertexBindingDescriptionCount;
+    public VkVertexInputBindingDescription* pVertexBindingDescriptions;
+    public uint vertexAttributeDescriptionCount;
+    public VkVertexInputAttributeDescription* pVertexAttributeDescriptions;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public VkPrimitiveTopology topology;
+    public VkBool32 primitiveRestartEnable;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public uint viewportCount;
+    public VkViewport* pViewports;
+    public uint scissorCount;
+    public VkRect2D* pScissors;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public VkBool32 depthClampEnable;
+    public VkBool32 rasterizerDiscardEnable;
+    public VkPolygonMode polygonMode;
+    public VkCullModeFlags cullMode;
+    public VkFrontFace frontFace;
+    public VkBool32 depthBiasEnable;
+    public float depthBiasConstantFactor;
+    public float depthBiasClamp;
+    public float depthBiasSlopeFactor;
+    public float lineWidth;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public VkSampleCountFlags rasterizationSamples;
+    public VkBool32 sampleShadingEnable;
+    public float minSampleShading;
+    public nint pSampleMask;
+    public VkBool32 alphaToCoverageEnable;
+    public VkBool32 alphaToOneEnable;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState
+{
+    public VkBool32 blendEnable;
+    public VkBlendFactor srcColorBlendFactor;
+    public VkBlendFactor dstColorBlendFactor;
+    public VkBlendOp colorBlendOp;
+    public VkBlendFactor srcAlphaBlendFactor;
+    public VkBlendFactor dstAlphaBlendFactor;
+    public VkBlendOp alphaBlendOp;
+    public VkColorComponentFlags colorWriteMask;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public VkBool32 logicOpEnable;
+    public int logicOp;
+    public uint attachmentCount;
+    public VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState* pAttachments;
+    public float blendConstants0;
+    public float blendConstants1;
+    public float blendConstants2;
+    public float blendConstants3;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public uint dynamicStateCount;
+    public VkDynamicState* pDynamicStates;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public uint setLayoutCount;
+    public VkDescriptorSetLayout* pSetLayouts;
+    public uint pushConstantRangeCount;
+    public nint pPushConstantRanges;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkPipelineRenderingCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint viewMask;
+    public uint colorAttachmentCount;
+    public VkFormat* pColorAttachmentFormats;
+    public VkFormat depthAttachmentFormat;
+    public VkFormat stencilAttachmentFormat;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public uint stageCount;
+    public VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo* pStages;
+    public VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo* pVertexInputState;
+    public VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo* pInputAssemblyState;
+    public nint pTessellationState;
+    public VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo* pViewportState;
+    public VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo* pRasterizationState;
+    public VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo* pMultisampleState;
+    public nint pDepthStencilState;
+    public VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo* pColorBlendState;
+    public VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo* pDynamicState;
+    public VkPipelineLayout layout;
+    public VkRenderPass renderPass;
+    public uint subpass;
+    public VkPipeline basePipelineHandle;
+    public int basePipelineIndex;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkRenderPass { public nint Handle; }
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkCommandPoolCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public VkCommandPoolCreateFlags flags;
+    public uint queueFamilyIndex;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public VkCommandPool commandPool;
+    public VkCommandBufferLevel level;
+    public uint commandBufferCount;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkCommandBufferBeginInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public VkCommandBufferUsageFlags flags;
+    public nint pInheritanceInfo;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkSemaphoreCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkFenceCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public VkFenceCreateFlags flags;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkBufferCreateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public ulong size;
+    public VkBufferUsageFlags usage;
+    public VkSharingMode sharingMode;
+    public uint queueFamilyIndexCount;
+    public uint* pQueueFamilyIndices;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkMemoryAllocateInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public ulong allocationSize;
+    public uint memoryTypeIndex;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkMemoryRequirements
+{
+    public ulong size;
+    public ulong alignment;
+    public uint memoryTypeBits;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkBufferCopy
+{
+    public ulong srcOffset;
+    public ulong dstOffset;
+    public ulong size;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkRenderingAttachmentInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public VkImageView imageView;
+    public VkImageLayout imageLayout;
+    public int resolveMode;
+    public VkImageView resolveImageView;
+    public VkImageLayout resolveImageLayout;
+    public VkAttachmentLoadOp loadOp;
+    public VkAttachmentStoreOp storeOp;
+    public VkClearValue clearValue;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkRenderingInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public VkRenderingFlags flags;
+    public VkRect2D renderArea;
+    public uint layerCount;
+    public uint viewMask;
+    public uint colorAttachmentCount;
+    public VkRenderingAttachmentInfo* pColorAttachments;
+    public nint pDepthAttachment;
+    public nint pStencilAttachment;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit)]
+public unsafe struct VkImageMemoryBarrier2
+{
+    [FieldOffset(0)] public VkStructureType sType;
+    [FieldOffset(8)] public nint pNext;
+    [FieldOffset(16)] public ulong srcStageMask;
+    [FieldOffset(24)] public ulong srcAccessMask;
+    [FieldOffset(32)] public ulong dstStageMask;
+    [FieldOffset(40)] public ulong dstAccessMask;
+    [FieldOffset(48)] public VkImageLayout oldLayout;
+    [FieldOffset(52)] public VkImageLayout newLayout;
+    [FieldOffset(56)] public uint srcQueueFamilyIndex;
+    [FieldOffset(60)] public uint dstQueueFamilyIndex;
+    [FieldOffset(64)] public VkImage image;
+    [FieldOffset(72)] public VkImageSubresourceRange subresourceRange;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkBufferMemoryBarrier2
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public VkPipelineStageFlags2 srcStageMask;
+    public VkAccessFlags2 srcAccessMask;
+    public VkPipelineStageFlags2 dstStageMask;
+    public VkAccessFlags2 dstAccessMask;
+    public uint srcQueueFamilyIndex;
+    public uint dstQueueFamilyIndex;
+    public VkBuffer buffer;
+    public ulong offset;
+    public ulong size;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit)]
+public unsafe struct VkDependencyInfo
+{
+    [FieldOffset(0)] public VkStructureType sType;
+    [FieldOffset(8)] public nint pNext;
+    [FieldOffset(16)] public VkDependencyFlags dependencyFlags;
+    [FieldOffset(20)] public uint memoryBarrierCount;
+    [FieldOffset(24)] public nint pMemoryBarriers;
+    [FieldOffset(32)] public uint bufferMemoryBarrierCount;
+    [FieldOffset(40)] public VkBufferMemoryBarrier2* pBufferMemoryBarriers;
+    [FieldOffset(48)] public uint imageMemoryBarrierCount;
+    [FieldOffset(56)] public VkImageMemoryBarrier2* pImageMemoryBarriers;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkSemaphoreSubmitInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public VkSemaphore semaphore;
+    public ulong value;
+    public ulong stageMask;
+    public uint deviceIndex;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkCommandBufferSubmitInfo
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;
+    public uint deviceMask;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkSubmitInfo2
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint flags;
+    public uint waitSemaphoreInfoCount;
+    public VkSemaphoreSubmitInfo* pWaitSemaphoreInfos;
+    public uint commandBufferInfoCount;
+    public VkCommandBufferSubmitInfo* pCommandBufferInfos;
+    public uint signalSemaphoreInfoCount;
+    public VkSemaphoreSubmitInfo* pSignalSemaphoreInfos;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkPresentInfoKHR
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint waitSemaphoreCount;
+    public VkSemaphore* pWaitSemaphores;
+    public uint swapchainCount;
+    public VkSwapchainKHR* pSwapchains;
+    public uint* pImageIndices;
+    public VkResult* pResults;
+}
+
+[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
+public unsafe struct VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT
+{
+    public VkStructureType sType;
+    public nint pNext;
+    public uint messageId;
+    public byte* pMessageIdName;
+    public uint messageSeverity;
+    public uint messageTypes;
+    public byte* pMessage;
+    public uint queueLabelCount;
+    public nint pQueueLabels;
+    public uint cmdBufLabelCount;
+    public nint pCmdBufLabels;
+    public uint objectCount;
+    public nint pObjects;
+}

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanSwapchain.cs

@@ -2,353 +2,166 @@ using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
 
 namespace Engine.Graphics.Vulkan;
 
-public sealed unsafe class VulkanSwapchain : IDisposable
+internal sealed unsafe class VulkanSwapchain : IDisposable
 {
     public VkSwapchainKHR Swapchain;
-    public VkImage[] SwapchainImages = Array.Empty<VkImage>();
+    public VkImage[] Images = Array.Empty<VkImage>();
-    public VkImageView[] SwapchainImageViews = Array.Empty<VkImageView>();
+    public VkImageView[] ImageViews = Array.Empty<VkImageView>();
-    public VkFormat ImageFormat;
+    public VkFormat Format;
-    public VkFormat DepthFormat;
     public VkExtent2D Extent;
-    public VkRenderPass RenderPass;
+    public uint ImageCount;
-    public VkFramebuffer[] Framebuffers = Array.Empty<VkFramebuffer>();
 
-    public VkImage DepthImage;
+    private readonly VkDevice _device;
-    public VkDeviceMemory DepthImageMemory;
+    private readonly VkPhysicalDevice _physicalDevice;
-    public VkImageView DepthImageView;
+    private readonly VkSurfaceKHR _surface;
-
+    private readonly VkSurfaceFormatKHR _surfaceFormat;
-    private readonly VulkanContext _ctx;
     private bool _disposed;
 
-    public VulkanSwapchain(VulkanContext ctx, int width, int height)
+    public VulkanSwapchain(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice, VkSurfaceKHR surface,
+        VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat, int width, int height)
     {
-        _ctx = ctx;
+        _device = device;
+        _physicalDevice = physicalDevice;
+        _surface = surface;
+        _surfaceFormat = surfaceFormat;
         Create(width, height);
     }
 
-    public unsafe void Create(int width, int height)
+    private void Create(int width, int height)
     {
-        VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR caps;
+        var caps = new VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR();
-        Vk.vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(_ctx.PhysicalDevice, _ctx.Surface, &caps);
+        Vk.vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(_physicalDevice, _surface, &caps);
-
-        uint formatCount = 0;
-        Vk.vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(_ctx.PhysicalDevice, _ctx.Surface, &formatCount, null);
-        var formats = new VkSurfaceFormatKHR[formatCount];
-        fixed (VkSurfaceFormatKHR* pFormats = formats)
-        {
-            Vk.vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(_ctx.PhysicalDevice, _ctx.Surface, &formatCount, pFormats);
-        }
-
-        ImageFormat = formats[0].format;
-        foreach (var f in formats)
-        {
-            if (f.format == VkFormat.B8G8R8A8Srgb && f.colorSpace == VkColorSpaceKHR.SrgbNonlinear)
-            {
-                ImageFormat = f.format;
-                break;
-            }
-        }
-        if (ImageFormat == VkFormat.Undefined)
-            ImageFormat = VkFormat.B8G8R8A8Unorm;
 
         Extent = caps.currentExtent;
-        if (Extent.width == int.MaxValue || Extent.height == int.MaxValue || Extent.width <= 0 || Extent.height <= 0)
+        if (Extent.Width == uint.MaxValue || Extent.Height == uint.MaxValue)
         {
-            Extent.width = Math.Clamp(width, caps.minImageExtent.width, caps.maxImageExtent.width);
+            Extent.Width = (uint)width;
-            Extent.height = Math.Clamp(height, caps.minImageExtent.height, caps.maxImageExtent.height);
+            Extent.Height = (uint)height;
         }
+        Extent.Width = Math.Max(caps.minImageExtent.Width, Math.Min(caps.maxImageExtent.Width, Extent.Width));
+        Extent.Height = Math.Max(caps.minImageExtent.Height, Math.Min(caps.maxImageExtent.Height, Extent.Height));
 
         uint imageCount = caps.minImageCount + 1;
         if (caps.maxImageCount > 0 && imageCount > caps.maxImageCount)
             imageCount = caps.maxImageCount;
 
-        VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo;
+        uint presentModeCount = 0;
-        createInfo.sType = VkStructureType.SwapchainCreateInfoKHR;
+        Vk.vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(_physicalDevice, _surface, &presentModeCount, null);
-        createInfo.pNext = null;
+        var presentModes = stackalloc VkPresentModeKHR[(int)presentModeCount];
-        createInfo.flags = 0;
+        Vk.vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(_physicalDevice, _surface, &presentModeCount, presentModes);
-        createInfo.surface = _ctx.Surface;
-        createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
-        createInfo.imageFormat = ImageFormat;
-        createInfo.imageColorSpace = VkColorSpaceKHR.SrgbNonlinear;
-        createInfo.imageExtent = Extent;
-        createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
-        createInfo.imageUsage = VkImageUsageFlags.ColorAttachment | VkImageUsageFlags.TransferSrc;
-        createInfo.imageSharingMode = VkSharingMode.Exclusive;
-        createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 0;
-        createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = null;
-        createInfo.preTransform = caps.currentTransform;
-        createInfo.compositeAlpha = 0x00000001;
-        createInfo.presentMode = VkPresentModeKHR.Fifo;
-        createInfo.clipped = 1;
-        createInfo.oldSwapchain = default;
 
-        VkSwapchainKHR swapchain;
+        var presentMode = VkPresentModeKHR.Fifo;
-        VkResult result = Vk.vkCreateSwapchainKHR(_ctx.Device, &createInfo, null, &swapchain);
+        for (uint i = 0; i < presentModeCount; i++)
-        Vk.CheckResult(result, "vkCreateSwapchainKHR");
-        Swapchain = swapchain;
-
-        uint actualCount = 0;
-        Vk.vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(_ctx.Device, Swapchain, &actualCount, null);
-        SwapchainImages = new VkImage[actualCount];
-        fixed (VkImage* pImages = SwapchainImages)
         {
-            Vk.vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(_ctx.Device, Swapchain, &actualCount, pImages);
+            if (presentModes[(int)i] == VkPresentModeKHR.Mailbox)
-        }
-
-        SwapchainImageViews = new VkImageView[actualCount];
-        for (uint i = 0; i < actualCount; i++)
-        {
-            VkImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo;
-            viewInfo.sType = VkStructureType.ImageViewCreateInfo;
-            viewInfo.pNext = null;
-            viewInfo.flags = 0;
-            viewInfo.image = SwapchainImages[i];
-            viewInfo.viewType = VkImageViewType._2D;
-            viewInfo.format = ImageFormat;
-            viewInfo.components = new VkComponentMapping { r = 0, g = 0, b = 0, a = 0 };
-            viewInfo.subresourceRange = new VkImageSubresourceRange
             {
-                aspectMask = VkImageAspectFlags.Color,
+                presentMode = VkPresentModeKHR.Mailbox;
-                baseMipLevel = 0,
+                break;
-                levelCount = 1,
-                baseArrayLayer = 0,
-                layerCount = 1
-            };
-
-            VkImageView view;
-            result = Vk.vkCreateImageView(_ctx.Device, &viewInfo, null, &view);
-            Vk.CheckResult(result, "vkCreateImageView (swapchain)");
-            SwapchainImageViews[i] = view;
-        }
-
-        DepthFormat = VkFormat.D32Sfloat;
-        CreateDepthImage();
-
-        CreateRenderPass();
-        CreateFramebuffers();
-
-        Console.WriteLine($"[Vulkan] Swapchain: {actualCount} images, {Extent.width}x{Extent.height}, format {ImageFormat}");
-    }
-
-    private unsafe void CreateDepthImage()
-    {
-        VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo;
-        imageInfo.sType = VkStructureType.ImageCreateInfo;
-        imageInfo.pNext = null;
-        imageInfo.flags = 0;
-        imageInfo.imageType = VkImageType._2D;
-        imageInfo.format = DepthFormat;
-        imageInfo.extent = new VkExtent3D { width = Extent.width, height = Extent.height, depth = 1 };
-        imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
-        imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
-        imageInfo.samples = VkSampleCountFlags.One;
-        imageInfo.tiling = 0;
-        imageInfo.usage = VkImageUsageFlags.DepthStencilAttachment;
-        imageInfo.sharingMode = VkSharingMode.Exclusive;
-        imageInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 0;
-        imageInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = null;
-        imageInfo.initialLayout = 0;
-
-        VkImage depthImage;
-        VkResult result = Vk.vkCreateImage(_ctx.Device, &imageInfo, null, &depthImage);
-        Vk.CheckResult(result, "vkCreateImage (depth)");
-        DepthImage = depthImage;
-
-        VkMemoryRequirements2 memReq;
-        Vk.vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(_ctx.Device, DepthImage, &memReq);
-
-        VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo;
-        allocInfo.sType = VkStructureType.MemoryAllocateInfo;
-        allocInfo.pNext = null;
-        allocInfo.allocationSize = memReq.size;
-        allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = _ctx.FindMemoryType(memReq.memoryTypeBits, VkMemoryPropertyFlags.DeviceLocal);
-
-        VkDeviceMemory depthMem;
-        result = Vk.vkAllocateMemory(_ctx.Device, &allocInfo, null, &depthMem);
-        Vk.CheckResult(result, "vkAllocateMemory (depth)");
-        DepthImageMemory = depthMem;
-
-        result = Vk.vkBindImageMemory(_ctx.Device, DepthImage, DepthImageMemory, 0);
-        Vk.CheckResult(result, "vkBindImageMemory (depth)");
-
-        VkImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo;
-        viewInfo.sType = VkStructureType.ImageViewCreateInfo;
-        viewInfo.pNext = null;
-        viewInfo.flags = 0;
-        viewInfo.image = DepthImage;
-        viewInfo.viewType = VkImageViewType._2D;
-        viewInfo.format = DepthFormat;
-        viewInfo.components = new VkComponentMapping { r = 0, g = 0, b = 0, a = 0 };
-        viewInfo.subresourceRange = new VkImageSubresourceRange
-        {
-            aspectMask = VkImageAspectFlags.Depth,
-            baseMipLevel = 0,
-            levelCount = 1,
-            baseArrayLayer = 0,
-            layerCount = 1
-        };
-
-        VkImageView depthView;
-        result = Vk.vkCreateImageView(_ctx.Device, &viewInfo, null, &depthView);
-        Vk.CheckResult(result, "vkCreateImageView (depth)");
-        DepthImageView = depthView;
-    }
-
-    private unsafe void CreateRenderPass()
-    {
-        var attachments = new VkAttachmentDescription[2];
-        attachments[0] = new VkAttachmentDescription
-        {
-            flags = 0,
-            format = ImageFormat,
-            samples = (uint)VkSampleCountFlags.One,
-            loadOp = VkAttachmentLoadOp.Clear,
-            storeOp = VkAttachmentStoreOp.Store,
-            stencilLoadOp = VkAttachmentLoadOp.DontCare,
-            stencilStoreOp = VkAttachmentStoreOp.DontCare,
-            initialLayout = VkImageLayout.Undefined,
-            finalLayout = VkImageLayout.PresentSrcKHR
-        };
-        attachments[1] = new VkAttachmentDescription
-        {
-            flags = 0,
-            format = DepthFormat,
-            samples = (uint)VkSampleCountFlags.One,
-            loadOp = VkAttachmentLoadOp.Clear,
-            storeOp = VkAttachmentStoreOp.DontCare,
-            stencilLoadOp = VkAttachmentLoadOp.DontCare,
-            stencilStoreOp = VkAttachmentStoreOp.DontCare,
-            initialLayout = VkImageLayout.Undefined,
-            finalLayout = VkImageLayout.DepthStencilAttachmentOptimal
-        };
-
-        var colorRef = new VkAttachmentReference { attachment = 0, layout = VkImageLayout.ColorAttachmentOptimal };
-        var depthRef = new VkAttachmentReference { attachment = 1, layout = VkImageLayout.DepthStencilAttachmentOptimal };
-
-        VkSubpassDescription subpass;
-        subpass.flags = 0;
-        subpass.pipelineBindPoint = 0;
-        subpass.inputAttachmentCount = 0;
-        subpass.pInputAttachments = null;
-        subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
-        subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorRef;
-        subpass.pResolveAttachments = null;
-        subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthRef;
-        subpass.preserveAttachmentCount = 0;
-        subpass.pPreserveAttachments = null;
-
-        var dependencies = new VkSubpassDependency[2];
-        dependencies[0] = new VkSubpassDependency
-        {
-            srcSubpass = ~0u,
-            dstSubpass = 0,
-            srcStageMask = VkPipelineStageFlags.ColorAttachmentOutput | VkPipelineStageFlags.EarlyFragmentTests,
-            dstStageMask = VkPipelineStageFlags.ColorAttachmentOutput | VkPipelineStageFlags.EarlyFragmentTests,
-            srcAccessMask = 0,
-            dstAccessMask = VkAccessFlags.ColorAttachmentWrite | VkAccessFlags.DepthStencilAttachmentWrite,
-            dependencyFlags = 0,
-            viewOffset = 0
-        };
-        dependencies[1] = new VkSubpassDependency
-        {
-            srcSubpass = 0,
-            dstSubpass = ~0u,
-            srcStageMask = VkPipelineStageFlags.ColorAttachmentOutput | VkPipelineStageFlags.EarlyFragmentTests,
-            dstStageMask = VkPipelineStageFlags.BottomOfPipe,
-            srcAccessMask = VkAccessFlags.ColorAttachmentWrite | VkAccessFlags.DepthStencilAttachmentWrite,
-            dstAccessMask = 0,
-            dependencyFlags = 0,
-            viewOffset = 0
-        };
-
-        fixed (VkAttachmentDescription* pAttachments = attachments)
-        fixed (VkSubpassDependency* pDeps = dependencies)
-        {
-            VkRenderPassCreateInfo createInfo;
-            createInfo.sType = VkStructureType.RenderPassCreateInfo;
-            createInfo.pNext = null;
-            createInfo.flags = 0;
-            createInfo.attachmentCount = 2;
-            createInfo.pAttachments = pAttachments;
-            createInfo.subpassCount = 1;
-            createInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
-            createInfo.dependencyCount = 2;
-            createInfo.pDependencies = pDeps;
-
-            VkRenderPass renderPass;
-            VkResult result = Vk.vkCreateRenderPass(_ctx.Device, &createInfo, null, &renderPass);
-            Vk.CheckResult(result, "vkCreateRenderPass");
-            RenderPass = renderPass;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private unsafe void CreateFramebuffers()
-    {
-        Framebuffers = new VkFramebuffer[SwapchainImageViews.Length];
-
-        for (uint i = 0; i < SwapchainImageViews.Length; i++)
-        {
-            var attachments = new VkImageView[] { SwapchainImageViews[i], DepthImageView };
-
-            fixed (VkImageView* pAttachments = attachments)
-            {
-                VkFramebufferCreateInfo createInfo;
-                createInfo.sType = VkStructureType.FramebufferCreateInfo;
-                createInfo.pNext = null;
-                createInfo.flags = 0;
-                createInfo.renderPass = RenderPass;
-                createInfo.attachmentCount = 2;
-                createInfo.pAttachments = pAttachments;
-                createInfo.width = (uint)Extent.width;
-                createInfo.height = (uint)Extent.height;
-                createInfo.layers = 1;
-
-                VkFramebuffer fb;
-                VkResult result = Vk.vkCreateFramebuffer(_ctx.Device, &createInfo, null, &fb);
-                Vk.CheckResult(result, "vkCreateFramebuffer");
-                Framebuffers[i] = fb;
             }
         }
+
+        Format = _surfaceFormat.format;
+
+        var createInfo = new VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.SwapchainCreateInfoKHR,
+            surface = _surface,
+            minImageCount = imageCount,
+            imageFormat = _surfaceFormat.format,
+            imageColorSpace = _surfaceFormat.colorSpace,
+            imageExtent = Extent,
+            imageArrayLayers = 1,
+            imageUsage = VkImageUsageFlags.ColorAttachment | VkImageUsageFlags.TransferDst,
+            imageSharingMode = VkSharingMode.Exclusive,
+            preTransform = caps.currentTransform,
+            compositeAlpha = VkCompositeAlphaFlagsKHR.Opaque,
+            presentMode = presentMode,
+            clipped = VkBool32.True,
+            oldSwapchain = VkSwapchainKHR.Null,
+        };
+
+        fixed (VkSwapchainKHR* swPtr = &Swapchain)
+        {
+            var result = Vk.vkCreateSwapchainKHR(_device, &createInfo, 0, swPtr);
+            if (result != VkResult.Success)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreateSwapchainKHR failed: {result}");
+        }
+
+        uint actualCount = 0;
+        Vk.vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(_device, Swapchain, &actualCount, null);
+        Images = new VkImage[actualCount];
+        ImageViews = new VkImageView[actualCount];
+        ImageCount = actualCount;
+
+        fixed (VkImage* imgPtr = Images)
+        {
+            Vk.vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(_device, Swapchain, &actualCount, imgPtr);
+        }
+
+        for (uint i = 0; i < actualCount; i++)
+        {
+            var viewInfo = new VkImageViewCreateInfo
+            {
+                sType = VkStructureType.ImageViewCreateInfo,
+                image = Images[i],
+                viewType = VkImageViewType.Type2D,
+                format = Format,
+                components = new VkComponentMapping
+                {
+                    R = VkComponentSwizzle.Identity,
+                    G = VkComponentSwizzle.Identity,
+                    B = VkComponentSwizzle.Identity,
+                    A = VkComponentSwizzle.Identity,
+                },
+                subresourceRange = new VkImageSubresourceRange
+                {
+                    AspectMask = VkImageAspectFlags.Color,
+                    BaseMipLevel = 0,
+                    LevelCount = 1,
+                    BaseArrayLayer = 0,
+                    LayerCount = 1,
+                },
+            };
+
+            fixed (VkImageView* viewPtr = &ImageViews[i])
+            {
+                var result = Vk.vkCreateImageView(_device, &viewInfo, 0, viewPtr);
+                if (result != VkResult.Success)
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreateImageView failed: {result}");
+            }
+        }
+
+        Console.WriteLine($"[Vulkan] Swapchain: {actualCount} images, {Extent.Width}x{Extent.Height}, format={Format}");
     }
 
     public void Recreate(int width, int height)
     {
-        Vk.vkQueueWaitIdle(_ctx.GraphicsQueue);
+        Vk.vkDeviceWaitIdle(_device);
-
+        Cleanup();
-        CleanupSwapchain();
         Create(width, height);
     }
 
-    private void CleanupSwapchain()
+    private void Cleanup()
     {
-        foreach (var fb in Framebuffers)
+        for (int i = 0; i < ImageViews.Length; i++)
-            if (fb.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyFramebuffer(_ctx.Device, fb, null);
+        {
+            if (ImageViews[i].Handle != 0)
+                Vk.vkDestroyImageView(_device, ImageViews[i], 0);
+        }
+        ImageViews = Array.Empty<VkImageView>();
+        Images = Array.Empty<VkImage>();
 
-        if (DepthImageView.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyImageView(_ctx.Device, DepthImageView, null);
+        if (Swapchain.Handle != 0)
-        if (DepthImage.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyImage(_ctx.Device, DepthImage, null);
+        {
-        if (DepthImageMemory.Value != 0) Vk.vkFreeMemory(_ctx.Device, DepthImageMemory, null);
+            Vk.vkDestroySwapchainKHR(_device, Swapchain, 0);
-
+            Swapchain = VkSwapchainKHR.Null;
-        foreach (var iv in SwapchainImageViews)
+        }
-            if (iv.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyImageView(_ctx.Device, iv, null);
-
-        if (Swapchain.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroySwapchainKHR(_ctx.Device, Swapchain, null);
     }
 
     public void Dispose()
     {
         if (_disposed) return;
         _disposed = true;
-
+        Cleanup();
-        CleanupSwapchain();
-        if (RenderPass.Value != 0) Vk.vkDestroyRenderPass(_ctx.Device, RenderPass, null);
     }
 }
-
-[StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)]
-internal struct VkMemoryRequirements2
-{
-    public ulong size;
-    public ulong alignment;
-    public uint memoryTypeBits;
-    public uint _pad;
-}

src/Engine.Graphics.Vulkan/VulkanVertexBuffer.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
+using Engine.Core;
+
+namespace Engine.Graphics.Vulkan;
+
+internal sealed unsafe class VulkanVertexBuffer : IDisposable
+{
+    public VkBuffer Buffer;
+    public VkDeviceMemory Memory;
+
+    private readonly VkDevice _device;
+    private VkBuffer _stagingBuffer;
+    private VkDeviceMemory _stagingMemory;
+    private bool _disposed;
+
+    public VulkanVertexBuffer(VkDevice device, VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
+        VkCommandPool commandPool, VkQueue queue, VulkanContext ctx, Vertex[] vertices)
+    {
+        _device = device;
+        var bufferSize = (ulong)(vertices.Length * sizeof(Vertex));
+
+        CreateStagingBuffer(bufferSize, ctx);
+        UploadToStaging(vertices, bufferSize);
+        CreateDeviceLocalBuffer(bufferSize, ctx);
+        CopyBuffer(commandPool, queue, _stagingBuffer, Buffer, bufferSize);
+        DestroyStaging();
+
+        Console.WriteLine($"[Vulkan] Vertex buffer created: {vertices.Length} vertices, {bufferSize} bytes");
+    }
+
+    private void CreateStagingBuffer(ulong size, VulkanContext ctx)
+    {
+        var info = new VkBufferCreateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.BufferCreateInfo,
+            size = size,
+            usage = VkBufferUsageFlags.TransferSrc,
+            sharingMode = VkSharingMode.Exclusive,
+        };
+
+        var buf = VkBuffer.Null;
+        var result = Vk.vkCreateBuffer(_device, &info, 0, &buf);
+        if (result != VkResult.Success)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreateBuffer (staging) failed: {result}");
+        _stagingBuffer = buf;
+
+        var reqs = new VkMemoryRequirements();
+        Vk.vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(_device, _stagingBuffer, &reqs);
+
+        var memTypeIndex = ctx.FindMemoryType(reqs.memoryTypeBits,
+            VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostVisible | VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostCoherent);
+
+        var allocInfo = new VkMemoryAllocateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.MemoryAllocateInfo,
+            allocationSize = reqs.size,
+            memoryTypeIndex = memTypeIndex,
+        };
+
+        var mem = VkDeviceMemory.Null;
+        result = Vk.vkAllocateMemory(_device, &allocInfo, 0, &mem);
+        if (result != VkResult.Success)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkAllocateMemory (staging) failed: {result}");
+        _stagingMemory = mem;
+
+        Vk.vkBindBufferMemory(_device, _stagingBuffer, _stagingMemory, 0);
+    }
+
+    private void UploadToStaging(Vertex[] vertices, ulong size)
+    {
+        void* pData = null;
+        Vk.vkMapMemory(_device, _stagingMemory, 0, size, 0, &pData);
+        fixed (Vertex* pVerts = vertices)
+        {
+            System.Buffer.MemoryCopy(pVerts, pData, (long)size, (long)size);
+        }
+        Vk.vkUnmapMemory(_device, _stagingMemory);
+    }
+
+    private void CreateDeviceLocalBuffer(ulong size, VulkanContext ctx)
+    {
+        var info = new VkBufferCreateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.BufferCreateInfo,
+            size = size,
+            usage = VkBufferUsageFlags.TransferDst | VkBufferUsageFlags.VertexBuffer,
+            sharingMode = VkSharingMode.Exclusive,
+        };
+
+        var buf = VkBuffer.Null;
+        var result = Vk.vkCreateBuffer(_device, &info, 0, &buf);
+        if (result != VkResult.Success)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreateBuffer (vertex) failed: {result}");
+        Buffer = buf;
+
+        var reqs = new VkMemoryRequirements();
+        Vk.vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(_device, Buffer, &reqs);
+
+        var memTypeIndex = ctx.FindMemoryType(reqs.memoryTypeBits, VkMemoryPropertyFlags.DeviceLocal);
+
+        var allocInfo = new VkMemoryAllocateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.MemoryAllocateInfo,
+            allocationSize = reqs.size,
+            memoryTypeIndex = memTypeIndex,
+        };
+
+        var mem = VkDeviceMemory.Null;
+        result = Vk.vkAllocateMemory(_device, &allocInfo, 0, &mem);
+        if (result != VkResult.Success)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkAllocateMemory (vertex) failed: {result}");
+        Memory = mem;
+
+        Vk.vkBindBufferMemory(_device, Buffer, Memory, 0);
+    }
+
+    private void CopyBuffer(VkCommandPool pool, VkQueue queue, VkBuffer src, VkBuffer dst, ulong size)
+    {
+        var allocInfo = new VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.CommandBufferAllocateInfo,
+            commandPool = pool,
+            level = VkCommandBufferLevel.Primary,
+            commandBufferCount = 1,
+        };
+
+        var cmd = VkCommandBuffer.Null;
+        Vk.vkAllocateCommandBuffers(_device, &allocInfo, &cmd);
+
+        var beginInfo = new VkCommandBufferBeginInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.CommandBufferBeginInfo,
+            flags = VkCommandBufferUsageFlags.OneTimeSubmit,
+        };
+
+        Vk.vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmd, &beginInfo);
+
+        var copyRegion = new VkBufferCopy
+        {
+            srcOffset = 0,
+            dstOffset = 0,
+            size = size,
+        };
+        Vk.vkCmdCopyBuffer(cmd, src, dst, 1, &copyRegion);
+
+        Vk.vkEndCommandBuffer(cmd);
+
+        var cmdInfo = new VkCommandBufferSubmitInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.CommandBufferSubmitInfo,
+            commandBuffer = cmd,
+        };
+
+        var submitInfo = new VkSubmitInfo2
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.SubmitInfo2,
+            commandBufferInfoCount = 1,
+            pCommandBufferInfos = &cmdInfo,
+        };
+
+        Vk.vkQueueSubmit2(queue, 1, &submitInfo, VkFence.Null);
+        Vk.vkQueueWaitIdle(queue);
+
+        Vk.vkFreeCommandBuffers(_device, pool, 1, &cmd);
+    }
+
+    private void DestroyStaging()
+    {
+        if (_stagingBuffer.Handle != 0) Vk.vkDestroyBuffer(_device, _stagingBuffer, 0);
+        if (_stagingMemory.Handle != 0) Vk.vkFreeMemory(_device, _stagingMemory, 0);
+        _stagingBuffer = VkBuffer.Null;
+        _stagingMemory = VkDeviceMemory.Null;
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        if (_disposed) return;
+        _disposed = true;
+
+        if (Buffer.Handle != 0) Vk.vkDestroyBuffer(_device, Buffer, 0);
+        if (Memory.Handle != 0) Vk.vkFreeMemory(_device, Memory, 0);
+    }
+}

src/Engine.Graphics/Engine.Graphics.csproj

@@ -17,15 +17,6 @@
     <PublishAot>true</PublishAot>
   </PropertyGroup>
 
-  <ItemGroup>
-    <PackageReference Include="Flecs.NET.Debug" Version="4.0.4-build.546" Condition="'$(Configuration)' == 'Debug'" />
-    <PackageReference Include="Flecs.NET.Release" Version="4.0.4-build.546" Condition="'$(Configuration)' == 'Release' OR '$(Configuration)' == 'ReleaseAOT'" />
-  </ItemGroup>
-
-  <ItemGroup>
-    <PackageReference Include="SharpGLTF.Core" Version="1.0.0" />
-  </ItemGroup>
-
   <ItemGroup>
     <ProjectReference Include="..\Engine.Core\Engine.Core.csproj" />
   </ItemGroup>

src/Engine.Graphics/IRenderContext.cs

@@ -2,6 +2,9 @@ using Engine.Core;
 
 namespace Engine.Graphics;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Render context created by a backend. Owns the window and can create a renderer.
+/// </summary>
 public interface IRenderContext : IDisposable
 {
     IWindow Window { get; }

src/Engine.Graphics/IRenderer.cs

@@ -3,10 +3,14 @@ using Flecs.NET.Core;
 
 namespace Engine.Graphics;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Backend-agnostic renderer interface. Minimal version for triangle rendering.
+/// </summary>
 public interface IRenderer : IDisposable
 {
     void RenderWorld(World world);
-    void RequestScreenshot(string outputPath);
+
+    void RequestScreenshot(string path);
     bool IsScreenshotRequested { get; }
     IScreenshotProvider ScreenshotProvider { get; }
 }

src/Engine.Graphics/IScreenshotProvider.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+namespace Engine.Graphics;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Provides access to the latest captured screenshot bytes.
+/// </summary>
+public interface IScreenshotProvider
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns the path of the screenshot file if a screenshot is available; otherwise null.
+    /// </summary>
+    string? TryTakeScreenshotPath();
+}

src/Engine.Graphics/Loaders/GltfLoader.cs

@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-using System.Numerics;
-using Engine.Core;
-using Engine.Core.Components;
-namespace Engine.Graphics.Loaders;
-
-public static class GltfLoader
-{
-    public static Mesh Load(string path, Vector3? color = null)
-    {
-        var tint = color ?? new Vector3(0.7f, 0.6f, 0.5f);
-
-        var modelRoot = SharpGLTF.Schema2.ModelRoot.Load(path);
-
-        var vertices = new List<Vertex>();
-        var indices = new List<uint>();
-
-        foreach (var scene in modelRoot.LogicalScenes)
-        {
-            foreach (var node in scene.VisualChildren)
-            {
-                var mesh = node.Mesh;
-                if (mesh == null) continue;
-
-                foreach (var primitive in mesh.Primitives)
-                {
-                    var posAccess = primitive.GetVertexAccessor("POSITION");
-                    var normAccess = primitive.GetVertexAccessor("NORMAL");
-                    if (posAccess == null) continue;
-
-                    var indexAccess = primitive.IndexAccessor;
-                    var baseVertex = (uint)vertices.Count;
-
-                    for (var i = 0; i < posAccess.Count; i++)
-                    {
-                        var pos = posAccess.AsVector3Array()[i];
-                        var normal = normAccess != null
-                            ? normAccess.AsVector3Array()[i]
-                            : Vector3.UnitY;
-
-                        vertices.Add(new Vertex(pos, tint, normal));
-                    }
-
-                    if (indexAccess != null)
-                    {
-                        var indexArray = indexAccess.AsIndicesArray();
-                        foreach (var idx in indexArray)
-                        {
-                            indices.Add((uint)idx + baseVertex);
-                        }
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        for (uint i = 0; i < posAccess.Count; i++)
-                        {
-                            indices.Add(baseVertex + i);
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (vertices.Count == 0)
-            throw new InvalidOperationException($"GLTF file '{path}' contains no meshes.");
-
-        return new Mesh(vertices.ToArray(), indices.ToArray());
-    }
-}

src/Engine.Graphics/Loaders/ObjLoader.cs

@@ -1,60 +1,54 @@
-using System.Globalization;
 using System.Numerics;
 using Engine.Core;
 using Engine.Core.Components;
 
 namespace Engine.Graphics.Loaders;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Minimal OBJ loader.
+/// </summary>
 public static class ObjLoader
 {
-    private static readonly Vector3 DefaultColor = new(0.7f, 0.6f, 0.5f);
+    public static Mesh Load(string path, Vector3? defaultColor = null)
-
-    public static Mesh Load(string path, Vector3? color = null)
     {
-        var tint = color ?? DefaultColor;
+        if (!File.Exists(path))
-        var lines = File.ReadAllLines(path);
+            throw new FileNotFoundException($"OBJ file not found: {path}", path);
 
+        var color = defaultColor ?? new Vector3(0.7f, 0.6f, 0.5f);
         var positions = new List<Vector3>();
         var normals = new List<Vector3>();
-
+        var texcoords = new List<Vector2>();
         var vertices = new List<Vertex>();
         var indices = new List<uint>();
+        var faceNormals = new List<Vector3>();
 
-        foreach (var rawLine in lines)
+        foreach (var line in File.ReadLines(path))
         {
-            var line = rawLine.Trim();
+            var trimmed = line.Trim();
+            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(trimmed) || trimmed.StartsWith('#')) continue;
 
-            if (line.Length == 0 || line.StartsWith('#'))
+            var parts = trimmed.Split(' ', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
-                continue;
+            if (parts.Length == 0) continue;
-
-            var parts = line.Split(' ', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
-            if (parts.Length == 0)
-                continue;
 
             switch (parts[0])
             {
                 case "v":
-                    positions.Add(new Vector3(
+                    positions.Add(ParseVector3(parts));
-                        float.Parse(parts[1], CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
-                        float.Parse(parts[2], CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
-                        float.Parse(parts[3], CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)));
                     break;
-
                 case "vn":
-                    normals.Add(new Vector3(
+                    normals.Add(ParseVector3(parts));
-                        float.Parse(parts[1], CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
+                    break;
-                        float.Parse(parts[2], CultureInfo.InvariantCulture),
+                case "vt":
-                        float.Parse(parts[3], CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)));
+                    texcoords.Add(ParseVector2(parts));
                     break;
-
                 case "f":
-                    ParseFace(parts, positions, normals, vertices, indices, tint);
+                    ParseFace(parts, positions, normals, texcoords, color, vertices, indices, faceNormals);
                     break;
             }
         }
 
         if (vertices.Count == 0)
-            throw new InvalidOperationException($"OBJ file '{path}' contains no faces.");
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"OBJ file contains no geometry: {path}");
 
         return new Mesh(vertices.ToArray(), indices.ToArray());
     }
@@ -63,47 +57,52 @@ public static class ObjLoader
         string[] parts,
         List<Vector3> positions,
         List<Vector3> normals,
+        List<Vector2> texcoords,
+        Vector3 color,
         List<Vertex> vertices,
         List<uint> indices,
-        Vector3 tint)
+        List<Vector3> faceNormals)
     {
-        var faceData = new List<(int posIdx, int normIdx)>();
+        var faceIndices = new List<uint>();
+        faceNormals.Clear();
 
-        for (var i = 1; i < parts.Length; i++)
+        for (int i = 1; i < parts.Length; i++)
         {
-            var vertexData = parts[i].Split('/');
+            var sub = parts[i].Split('/');
-            var posIdx = int.Parse(vertexData[0]) - 1;
+            var posIndex = int.Parse(sub[0]) - 1;
-            var normIdx = vertexData.Length > 2 && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(vertexData[2])
+            var pos = positions[posIndex];
-                ? int.Parse(vertexData[2]) - 1
-                : -1;
 
-            faceData.Add((posIdx, normIdx));
+            Vector3 normal = Vector3.UnitY;
+            if (sub.Length > 2 && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(sub[2]))
+            {
+                normal = normals[int.Parse(sub[2]) - 1];
+            }
+
+            vertices.Add(new Vertex(pos, color, normal));
+            faceIndices.Add((uint)(vertices.Count - 1));
         }
 
-        if (faceData.Count < 3) return;
+        // Triangulate as a fan.
-
+        for (int i = 2; i < faceIndices.Count; i++)
-        for (var i = 1; i < faceData.Count - 1; i++)
         {
-            var d0 = faceData[0];
+            indices.Add(faceIndices[0]);
-            var d1 = faceData[i];
+            indices.Add(faceIndices[i - 1]);
-            var d2 = faceData[i + 1];
+            indices.Add(faceIndices[i]);
-
-            var p0 = positions[d0.posIdx];
-            var p1 = positions[d1.posIdx];
-            var p2 = positions[d2.posIdx];
-
-            var normal = d0.normIdx >= 0 && d0.normIdx < normals.Count
-                ? normals[d0.normIdx]
-                : MeshMath.ComputeFaceNormal(p0, p1, p2);
-
-            var i0 = (uint)vertices.Count;
-            vertices.Add(new Vertex(p0, tint, normal));
-            var i1 = (uint)vertices.Count;
-            vertices.Add(new Vertex(p1, tint, normal));
-            var i2 = (uint)vertices.Count;
-            vertices.Add(new Vertex(p2, tint, normal));
-
-            indices.Add(i0); indices.Add(i1); indices.Add(i2);
         }
     }
+
+    private static Vector3 ParseVector3(string[] parts)
+    {
+        return new Vector3(
+            float.Parse(parts[1]),
+            float.Parse(parts[2]),
+            float.Parse(parts[3]));
+    }
+
+    private static Vector2 ParseVector2(string[] parts)
+    {
+        return new Vector2(
+            float.Parse(parts[1]),
+            parts.Length > 2 ? float.Parse(parts[2]) : 0);
+    }
 }

src/Engine.Graphics/MeshMath.cs

@@ -2,17 +2,18 @@ using System.Numerics;
 
 namespace Engine.Graphics;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Basic mesh math utilities.
+/// </summary>
 public static class MeshMath
 {
     public static Vector3 ComputeFaceNormal(Vector3 a, Vector3 b, Vector3 c)
     {
-        var edge1 = b - a;
+        var ab = b - a;
-        var edge2 = c - a;
+        var ac = c - a;
-        var normal = Vector3.Cross(edge2, edge1);
+        var cross = Vector3.Cross(ab, ac);
-
+        if (cross.LengthSquared() < 0.0000001f)
-        if (normal.LengthSquared() < 1e-12f)
             return Vector3.UnitY;
-
+        return Vector3.Normalize(cross);
-        return Vector3.Normalize(normal);
     }
 }

src/Engine.Graphics/ProceduralMesh.cs

@@ -4,85 +4,129 @@ using Engine.Core.Components;
 
 namespace Engine.Graphics;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Procedural mesh generators.
+/// </summary>
 public static class ProceduralMesh
 {
-    public static Mesh CreateSphere(float radius, int slices, int stacks, Vector3 color)
+    public static Mesh CreateCube(float size, Vector3 color)
     {
-        var vertices = new Vertex[(stacks + 1) * (slices + 1)];
+        var s = size * 0.5f;
-        var indices = new uint[stacks * slices * 6];
+        var vertices = new[]
-
-        var vi = 0;
-        for (var i = 0; i <= stacks; i++)
         {
-            var phi = MathF.PI * i / stacks;
+            // Front
-            var y = radius * MathF.Cos(phi);
+            new Vertex(new Vector3(-s, -s,  s), color, new Vector3(0, 0, 1)),
-            var r = radius * MathF.Sin(phi);
+            new Vertex(new Vector3( s, -s,  s), color, new Vector3(0, 0, 1)),
+            new Vertex(new Vector3( s,  s,  s), color, new Vector3(0, 0, 1)),
+            new Vertex(new Vector3(-s,  s,  s), color, new Vector3(0, 0, 1)),
+            // Back
+            new Vertex(new Vector3( s, -s, -s), color, new Vector3(0, 0, -1)),
+            new Vertex(new Vector3(-s, -s, -s), color, new Vector3(0, 0, -1)),
+            new Vertex(new Vector3(-s,  s, -s), color, new Vector3(0, 0, -1)),
+            new Vertex(new Vector3( s,  s, -s), color, new Vector3(0, 0, -1)),
+            // Top
+            new Vertex(new Vector3(-s,  s,  s), color, new Vector3(0, 1, 0)),
+            new Vertex(new Vector3( s,  s,  s), color, new Vector3(0, 1, 0)),
+            new Vertex(new Vector3( s,  s, -s), color, new Vector3(0, 1, 0)),
+            new Vertex(new Vector3(-s,  s, -s), color, new Vector3(0, 1, 0)),
+            // Bottom
+            new Vertex(new Vector3(-s, -s, -s), color, new Vector3(0, -1, 0)),
+            new Vertex(new Vector3( s, -s, -s), color, new Vector3(0, -1, 0)),
+            new Vertex(new Vector3( s, -s,  s), color, new Vector3(0, -1, 0)),
+            new Vertex(new Vector3(-s, -s,  s), color, new Vector3(0, -1, 0)),
+            // Right
+            new Vertex(new Vector3( s, -s,  s), color, new Vector3(1, 0, 0)),
+            new Vertex(new Vector3( s, -s, -s), color, new Vector3(1, 0, 0)),
+            new Vertex(new Vector3( s,  s, -s), color, new Vector3(1, 0, 0)),
+            new Vertex(new Vector3( s,  s,  s), color, new Vector3(1, 0, 0)),
+            // Left
+            new Vertex(new Vector3(-s, -s, -s), color, new Vector3(-1, 0, 0)),
+            new Vertex(new Vector3(-s, -s,  s), color, new Vector3(-1, 0, 0)),
+            new Vertex(new Vector3(-s,  s,  s), color, new Vector3(-1, 0, 0)),
+            new Vertex(new Vector3(-s,  s, -s), color, new Vector3(-1, 0, 0)),
+        };
 
-            for (var j = 0; j <= slices; j++)
+        var indices = new uint[]
-            {
-                var theta = 2.0f * MathF.PI * j / slices;
-                var x = r * MathF.Cos(theta);
-                var z = r * MathF.Sin(theta);
-
-                var pos = new Vector3(x, y, z);
-                var normal = Vector3.Normalize(pos);
-
-                vertices[vi++] = new Vertex(pos, color, normal);
-            }
-        }
-
-        var ii = 0;
-        for (var i = 0; i < stacks; i++)
         {
-            for (var j = 0; j < slices; j++)
+            0, 1, 2, 0, 2, 3,
-            {
+            4, 5, 6, 4, 6, 7,
-                var a = (uint)(i * (slices + 1) + j);
+            8, 9, 10, 8, 10, 11,
-                var b = a + 1;
+            12, 13, 14, 12, 14, 15,
-                var c = a + (uint)(slices + 1);
+            16, 17, 18, 16, 18, 19,
-                var d = c + 1;
+            20, 21, 22, 20, 22, 23,
-
+        };
-                indices[ii++] = a; indices[ii++] = c; indices[ii++] = b;
-                indices[ii++] = b; indices[ii++] = c; indices[ii++] = d;
-            }
-        }
 
         return new Mesh(vertices, indices);
     }
 
-    public static Mesh CreateGrid(int halfSize, float spacing, Vector3 color)
+    public static Mesh CreateSphere(float radius, int sectors, int stacks, Vector3 color)
     {
-        var lines = 2 * halfSize + 1;
+        var vertices = new List<Vertex>();
-        var vertices = new List<Vertex>(lines * 4 * 2);
+        var indices = new List<uint>();
-        var indices = new List<uint>(lines * 4 * 2);
-        var extent = halfSize * spacing;
 
-        for (var i = -halfSize; i <= halfSize; i++)
+        for (int i = 0; i <= stacks; i++)
+        {
+            var stackAngle = MathF.PI / 2 - i * MathF.PI / stacks;
+            var xy = radius * MathF.Cos(stackAngle);
+            var z = radius * MathF.Sin(stackAngle);
+
+            for (int j = 0; j <= sectors; j++)
+            {
+                var sectorAngle = j * 2 * MathF.PI / sectors;
+                var x = xy * MathF.Cos(sectorAngle);
+                var y = xy * MathF.Sin(sectorAngle);
+                var pos = new Vector3(x, y, z);
+                var normal = Vector3.Normalize(pos);
+                vertices.Add(new Vertex(pos, color, normal));
+            }
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < stacks; i++)
+        {
+            var k1 = (uint)(i * (sectors + 1));
+            var k2 = (uint)(k1 + sectors + 1);
+
+            for (int j = 0; j < sectors; j++, k1++, k2++)
+            {
+                if (i != 0)
+                {
+                    indices.Add(k1);
+                    indices.Add(k2);
+                    indices.Add(k1 + 1);
+                }
+
+                if (i != stacks - 1)
+                {
+                    indices.Add(k1 + 1);
+                    indices.Add(k2);
+                    indices.Add(k2 + 1);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return new Mesh(vertices.ToArray(), indices.ToArray());
+    }
+
+    public static Mesh CreateGrid(int lines, float spacing, Vector3 color)
+    {
+        var vertices = new List<Vertex>();
+        var indices = new List<uint>();
+        var max = lines * spacing;
+        var normal = Vector3.UnitY;
+
+        for (int i = -lines; i <= lines; i++)
         {
             var pos = i * spacing;
 
-            var i0 = (uint)vertices.Count;
+            vertices.Add(new Vertex(new Vector3(pos, 0, -max), color, normal));
-            vertices.Add(new Vertex(new Vector3(pos, 0, -extent), color, Vector3.UnitY));
+            vertices.Add(new Vertex(new Vector3(pos, 0,  max), color, normal));
-            var i1 = (uint)vertices.Count;
+            indices.Add((uint)(vertices.Count - 2));
-            vertices.Add(new Vertex(new Vector3(pos, 0, extent), color, Vector3.UnitY));
+            indices.Add((uint)(vertices.Count - 1));
-            indices.Add(i0); indices.Add(i1);
 
-            var i2 = (uint)vertices.Count;
+            vertices.Add(new Vertex(new Vector3(-max, 0, pos), color, normal));
-            vertices.Add(new Vertex(new Vector3(pos, 0, -extent), color, Vector3.UnitY));
+            vertices.Add(new Vertex(new Vector3( max, 0, pos), color, normal));
-            var i3 = (uint)vertices.Count;
+            indices.Add((uint)(vertices.Count - 2));
-            vertices.Add(new Vertex(new Vector3(pos, 0, extent), color, Vector3.UnitY));
+            indices.Add((uint)(vertices.Count - 1));
-            indices.Add(i2); indices.Add(i3);
-
-            var i4 = (uint)vertices.Count;
-            vertices.Add(new Vertex(new Vector3(-extent, 0, pos), color, Vector3.UnitY));
-            var i5 = (uint)vertices.Count;
-            vertices.Add(new Vertex(new Vector3(extent, 0, pos), color, Vector3.UnitY));
-            indices.Add(i4); indices.Add(i5);
-
-            var i6 = (uint)vertices.Count;
-            vertices.Add(new Vertex(new Vector3(-extent, 0, pos), color, Vector3.UnitY));
-            var i7 = (uint)vertices.Count;
-            vertices.Add(new Vertex(new Vector3(extent, 0, pos), color, Vector3.UnitY));
-            indices.Add(i6); indices.Add(i7);
         }
 
         return new Mesh(vertices.ToArray(), indices.ToArray());

src/Engine.Graphics/RenderBackendFactory.cs

@@ -1,25 +1,28 @@
-using Engine.Core;
-
 namespace Engine.Graphics;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Factory for creating render backends by name.
+/// </summary>
 public static class RenderBackendFactory
 {
-    private static readonly Dictionary<string, Func<int, int, bool, IRenderContext>> _backends =
+    private static readonly Dictionary<string, Func<int, int, bool, IRenderContext>> _backends = new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
-        new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Register a backend factory. Case-insensitive lookup.
+    /// </summary>
     public static void Register(string name, Func<int, int, bool, IRenderContext> factory)
     {
         _backends[name] = factory;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Create a render context for the given backend.
+    /// </summary>
     public static IRenderContext Create(string name, int width, int height, bool enableValidation)
     {
-        if (_backends.TryGetValue(name, out var factory))
+        if (!_backends.TryGetValue(name, out var factory))
-            return factory(width, height, enableValidation);
+            throw new NotSupportedException($"Render backend '{name}' is not registered.");
 
-        throw new NotSupportedException(
+        return factory(width, height, enableValidation);
-            $"Unknown render backend '{name}'. Available: {string.Join(", ", _backends.Keys)}");
     }
-
-    public static bool IsRegistered(string name) => _backends.ContainsKey(name);
 }

src/Engine.Graphics/SceneSerializer.cs

@@ -1,86 +1,45 @@
 using System.Numerics;
 using System.Text.Json;
-using System.Text.Json.Serialization;
 using Engine.Core.Components;
 using Flecs.NET.Core;
 
 namespace Engine.Graphics;
 
+/// <summary>
+/// Serializes and deserializes entity scenes to JSON.
+/// Minimal version: handles Transform, Material, Light, Camera, Mesh.
+/// </summary>
 public static class SceneSerializer
 {
-    private static readonly JsonSerializerOptions JsonOptions = new()
+    private static readonly JsonSerializerOptions Options = new()
     {
-        PropertyNameCaseInsensitive = true,
+        WriteIndented = true,
-        Converters = { new JsonStringEnumConverter() }
+        IncludeFields = true
     };
 
     public static string SaveToString(World world)
     {
-        var entities = new List<SceneEntityData>();
+        var entities = new List<SceneEntity>();
-
+        world.Each((Entity e, ref Transform t) =>
-        world.Each((Entity e, ref Transform _) =>
         {
             var name = e.Name();
-            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(name)) return;
+            var entity = new SceneEntity { Name = name };
 
-            var data = new SceneEntityData { Name = name };
+            entity.Transform = t;
-
-            if (e.Has<Transform>())
-            {
-                var t = e.Get<Transform>();
-                data.Transform = new TransformData
-                {
-                    Position = new float[] { t.Position.X, t.Position.Y, t.Position.Z },
-                    Rotation = new float[] { t.Rotation.X, t.Rotation.Y, t.Rotation.Z, t.Rotation.W },
-                    Scale = new float[] { t.Scale.X, t.Scale.Y, t.Scale.Z }
-                };
-            }
 
             if (e.Has<Material>())
-            {
+                entity.Material = e.Get<Material>();
-                var m = e.Get<Material>();
-                data.Material = new MaterialData
-                {
-                    Albedo = new float[] { m.Albedo.X, m.Albedo.Y, m.Albedo.Z },
-                    Roughness = m.Roughness,
-                    Metallic = m.Metallic,
-                    TexturePath = m.TexturePath
-                };
-            }
 
             if (e.Has<Light>())
-            {
+                entity.Light = e.Get<Light>();
-                var l = e.Get<Light>();
-                data.Light = new LightData
-                {
-                    Type = l.Type.ToString(),
-                    Direction = new float[] { l.Direction.X, l.Direction.Y, l.Direction.Z },
-                    Position = new float[] { l.Position.X, l.Position.Y, l.Position.Z },
-                    Color = new float[] { l.Color.X, l.Color.Y, l.Color.Z },
-                    Intensity = l.Intensity,
-                    Range = l.Range
-                };
-            }
 
             if (e.Has<Camera>())
-            {
+                entity.Camera = e.Get<Camera>();
-                var c = e.Get<Camera>();
-                data.Camera = new CameraData
-                {
-                    Position = new float[] { c.Position.X, c.Position.Y, c.Position.Z },
-                    Target = new float[] { c.Target.X, c.Target.Y, c.Target.Z },
-                    Up = new float[] { c.Up.X, c.Up.Y, c.Up.Z },
-                    FieldOfView = c.FieldOfView,
-                    AspectRatio = c.AspectRatio,
-                    NearPlane = c.NearPlane,
-                    FarPlane = c.FarPlane
-                };
-            }
 
-            entities.Add(data);
+            entities.Add(entity);
         });
 
-        return JsonSerializer.Serialize(entities, JsonOptions);
+        return JsonSerializer.Serialize(entities, Options);
     }
 
     public static void SaveToFile(World world, string path)
@@ -91,114 +50,42 @@ public static class SceneSerializer
 
     public static int LoadFromString(World world, string json)
     {
-        var entities = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<List<SceneEntityData>>(json, JsonOptions);
+        var entities = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<List<SceneEntity>>(json, Options);
         if (entities == null) return 0;
 
-        foreach (var data in entities)
+        foreach (var e in entities)
         {
-            var entity = world.Entity(data.Name);
+            var entity = world.Entity(e.Name);
+            entity.Set(e.Transform);
 
-            if (data.Transform != null)
+            if (e.Material != null)
-            {
+                entity.Set(e.Material.Value);
-                var t = data.Transform;
-                entity.Set(new Transform(
-                    new Vector3(t.Position[0], t.Position[1], t.Position[2]),
-                    new Quaternion(t.Rotation[0], t.Rotation[1], t.Rotation[2], t.Rotation[3]),
-                    new Vector3(t.Scale[0], t.Scale[1], t.Scale[2])));
-            }
 
-            if (data.Material != null)
+            if (e.Light != null)
-            {
+                entity.Set(e.Light.Value);
-                var m = data.Material;
-                entity.Set(new Material(
-                    new Vector3(m.Albedo[0], m.Albedo[1], m.Albedo[2]),
-                    m.Roughness, m.Metallic, m.TexturePath));
-            }
 
-            if (data.Light != null)
+            if (e.Camera != null)
-            {
+                entity.Set(e.Camera.Value);
-                var l = data.Light;
-                if (l.Type == "Directional")
-                {
-                    entity.Set(Light.Directional(
-                        new Vector3(l.Direction[0], l.Direction[1], l.Direction[2]),
-                        new Vector3(l.Color[0], l.Color[1], l.Color[2]),
-                        l.Intensity));
-                }
-                else
-                {
-                    entity.Set(Light.Point(
-                        new Vector3(l.Position[0], l.Position[1], l.Position[2]),
-                        new Vector3(l.Color[0], l.Color[1], l.Color[2]),
-                        l.Intensity, l.Range));
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (data.Camera != null)
-            {
-                var c = data.Camera;
-                entity.Set(new Camera(
-                    new Vector3(c.Position[0], c.Position[1], c.Position[2]),
-                    new Vector3(c.Target[0], c.Target[1], c.Target[2]),
-                    new Vector3(c.Up[0], c.Up[1], c.Up[2]),
-                    c.FieldOfView, c.AspectRatio, c.NearPlane, c.FarPlane));
-            }
         }
 
         return entities.Count;
     }
 
-    public static int LoadFromFile(World world, string path)
+    public static void LoadFromFile(World world, string path)
     {
         if (!File.Exists(path))
             throw new FileNotFoundException($"Scene file not found: {path}", path);
 
         var json = File.ReadAllText(path);
-        return LoadFromString(world, json);
+        LoadFromString(world, json);
     }
 
-    private class SceneEntityData
+    private class SceneEntity
     {
-        public string Name { get; set; } = "";
+        public string Name { get; set; } = string.Empty;
-        public TransformData? Transform { get; set; }
+        public Transform Transform { get; set; }
-        public MaterialData? Material { get; set; }
+        public Material? Material { get; set; }
-        public LightData? Light { get; set; }
+        public Light? Light { get; set; }
-        public CameraData? Camera { get; set; }
+        public Camera? Camera { get; set; }
-    }
-
-    private class TransformData
-    {
-        public float[] Position { get; set; } = Array.Empty<float>();
-        public float[] Rotation { get; set; } = Array.Empty<float>();
-        public float[] Scale { get; set; } = Array.Empty<float>();
-    }
-
-    private class MaterialData
-    {
-        public float[] Albedo { get; set; } = Array.Empty<float>();
-        public float Roughness { get; set; }
-        public float Metallic { get; set; }
-        public string? TexturePath { get; set; }
-    }
-
-    private class LightData
-    {
-        public string Type { get; set; } = "";
-        public float[] Direction { get; set; } = Array.Empty<float>();
-        public float[] Position { get; set; } = Array.Empty<float>();
-        public float[] Color { get; set; } = Array.Empty<float>();
-        public float Intensity { get; set; }
-        public float Range { get; set; }
-    }
-
-    private class CameraData
-    {
-        public float[] Position { get; set; } = Array.Empty<float>();
-        public float[] Target { get; set; } = Array.Empty<float>();
-        public float[] Up { get; set; } = Array.Empty<float>();
-        public float FieldOfView { get; set; }
-        public float AspectRatio { get; set; }
-        public float NearPlane { get; set; }
-        public float FarPlane { get; set; }
     }
 }