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CORTEX ENGINE — Technical Architecture Manifesto

Project: AI-Native, Multiplatform 3D Game Engine Language: C# (.NET 9) Status: LOCKED — All dependencies verified as of June 2026 Created: 2026-06-16

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Cortex Engine is a 3D game engine built from scratch to provide a Unity-like development experience (GameObject/Component paradigm, Inspector, Hierarchy, Scene View) while being deeply integrated with Multimodal Large Language Models (MMLMs). The engine allows an AI to:

  • See the engine state via virtual cameras, semantic segmentation maps, and profiler screenshots.
  • Read the complete ECS world state through native JSON serialization.
  • Modify the running engine via declarative JSON commands and, in Development Mode, via hot-reloaded C# scripts.

The architecture prioritizes production maturity over experimental technologies: Vulkan (via Vortice.Vulkan), Flecs.NET (C# bindings for the C-based Flecs ECS), SDL3-cs (ppy.SDL3-CS), and ImGui.NET/Hexa.NET.ImGui with a native Vulkan backend.

2. EVOLUTION OF ARCHITECTURE DECISIONS

2.1 Initial Discussion

The project began with an exploration of NVIDIA's open-source physics and graphics ecosystems (PhysX 5, Newton, Warp, Falcor, Flow) and modern middleware for building a custom engine from scratch. Initial candidates included:

  • Graphics: WebGPU (wgpu), Diligent Engine, BGFX, NVIDIA Falcor
  • Physics: Jolt Physics, NVIDIA PhysX 5, Box2D v3
  • Windowing: SDL3, GLFW
  • ECS: Flecs, EnTT, Arch
  • UI: Dear ImGui

2.2 First Iteration

The first proposed stack was:

  • C# (.NET 9) + NativeAOT
  • Silk.NET + wgpu-native (WebGPU)
  • SDL3 (via Silk.NET)
  • Flecs ECS
  • Dear ImGui with custom WebGPU backend
  • Jolt Physics
  • Roslyn Compiler API for AI hot-reload

2.3 Identified Risks from Internet Research

Research revealed critical issues with the first iteration:

  1. NativeAOT + Roslyn conflict: NativeAOT explicitly does not support Assembly.LoadFile() or System.Reflection.Emit. Dynamic C# compilation cannot run inside a NativeAOT binary. This is confirmed by Microsoft Learn documentation.
  2. Silk.NET WebGPU bindings: The maintainers stated that the official WebGPU examples in Silk.NET are "very bad" and "smoke tests" — not production-ready.
  3. Custom WebGPU ImGui backend: Would require writing ~400 lines of custom rendering code.
  4. Flecs vs Friflo tradeoff: Friflo.Engine.ECS is pure managed and faster, but Flecs has mature native C-reflection and built-in JSON serialization that works identically in NativeAOT.

2.4 Final Locked Stack

The final stack was chosen to eliminate experimental dependencies and maximize production maturity:

  • C# (.NET 9) with dual-runtime strategy: JIT for development (Roslyn hot-reload), NativeAOT for release.
  • SDL3-cs: ppy.SDL3-CS — direct, zero-overhead P/Invoke bindings maintained by the osu! team.
  • Vulkan: Vortice.Vulkan — mature C# Vulkan bindings, .NET 9/10 support.
  • MoltenVK: For macOS/iOS compatibility.
  • Flecs.NET: Flecs.NET.Release — C# bindings for Flecs with NativeAOT static-link support.
  • ImGui: Hexa.NET.ImGui — ships pre-built SDL3 + Vulkan native backends.
  • Jolt Physics: JoltPhysicsSharp — C# bindings for Jolt Physics, .NET 9/10.
  • Roslyn Compiler API: For Dev-Mode AI hot-reload.
  • SixLabors.ImageSharp: For JPEG encoding of diagnostic textures.

3. TECHNOLOGICAL STACK (Zero-Contradiction Core)

3.1 Language & Runtime

C# (.NET 9)

The engine uses a dual-runtime strategy:

Mode Runtime AI Scripting Use Case
Development .NET 9 JIT ✅ Roslyn Compiler API + AssemblyLoadContext hot-reload Editor, AI co-development, rapid iteration
Release .NET 9 NativeAOT ❌ JSON commands only Shipped PC/Mobile/Console/WASM builds

Why this is not a contradiction:

NativeAOT cannot JIT new code or load assemblies dynamically. Therefore, the engine builds in two configurations:

<!-- Development -->
<PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)' == 'Debug'">
  <DefineConstants>DEV_MODE</DefineConstants>
</PropertyGroup>

<!-- Release -->
<PropertyGroup Condition="'$(Configuration)' == 'ReleaseAOT'">
  <DefineConstants>RELEASE_AOT</DefineConstants>
  <PublishAot>true</PublishAot>
</PropertyGroup>

All Roslyn and AssemblyLoadContext code is wrapped in #if DEV_MODE.

3.2 System Layer

SDL3 via ppy.SDL3-CS

  • NuGet: ppy.SDL3-CS 2026.520.0
  • Direct P/Invoke bindings, zero overhead
  • Cross-platform: Windows, Linux, macOS, iOS, Android
  • Handles: window creation, input (keyboard, mouse, touch, gamepad, accelerometer), audio, events
  • Used by the osu! framework (2K+ stars), battle-tested

3.3 Graphics HAL

Vulkan via Vortice.Vulkan

  • NuGet: Vortice.Vulkan 3.2.3
  • .NET 9/10 low-level bindings
  • Includes VulkanMemoryAllocator, SPIRV-Cross, shaderc
  • Mature, MIT licensed, listed on vulkan.org

Why Vulkan over WebGPU:

  • Battle-tested in production engines
  • Full compute shader support (mandatory for AI vision pipelines)
  • Mature C# tooling and ImGui integration
  • MoltenVK provides macOS/iOS support

macOS/iOS path:

  • MoltenVK 1.4 supports Vulkan 1.4 on macOS, iOS, tvOS, visionOS
  • VK_KHR_portability_subset and VK_KHR_portability_enumeration must be enabled
  • Loader and MoltenVK libraries must be bundled with the application
  • KosmicKrisp (via Mesa 3D) is an emerging alternative for Apple Silicon desktops

3.4 Data Architecture

Flecs.NET

  • NuGet: Flecs.NET.Release 4.0.3
  • High-level C# wrapper over the C-based Flecs ECS
  • Supports .NET Standard 2.1, .NET 5/6/7/8
  • NativeAOT-compatible via static linking: <FlecsStaticLink>true</FlecsStaticLink>
  • Native C-reflection: ecs_world_to_json() serializes the entire ECS world
  • Used in AAA engines

Why Flecs.NET over pure managed ECS (Friflo, Arch):

  • Native C-reflection works without C# System.Reflection — essential for NativeAOT
  • Built-in JSON serialization of the entire world
  • Production maturity and industry usage
  • Component registration across shared libraries/DLLs
  • Automatic archetype management and lockless scheduler

3.5 Editor UI

Hexa.NET.ImGui

  • NuGet: Hexa.NET.ImGui (and related backend packages)
  • Alternative to ImGui.NET that ships pre-built native backends
  • Includes SDL3 + Vulkan backend combinations
  • MIT licensed
  • Higher performance, reduced startup time
  • Eliminates the need to write a custom Vulkan renderer for ImGui

Why Hexa.NET.ImGui over ImGui.NET:

  • ImGui.NET does not ship a C# Vulkan renderer out of the box
  • The official Vulkan backend is imgui_impl_vulkan.cpp (C++), which must be manually compiled and P/Invoked
  • Hexa.NET.ImGui bundles the C++ backends as native libraries with C# bindings
  • This is the fastest path to a production-ready editor UI

3.6 Physics

JoltPhysicsSharp

  • NuGet: JoltPhysicsSharp 2.21.0
  • .NET 9/10 bindings for Jolt Physics
  • Cross-platform via joltc C wrapper
  • Used in Horizon Forbidden West and Death Stranding 2
  • Integrated into Godot 4.4

Note: Physics module is not part of the foundational MVP but is included in the final project layout.

3.7 Diagnostic Encoding

SixLabors.ImageSharp

  • Pure managed JPEG/PNG encoder
  • NativeAOT-compatible
  • No native dependencies
  • Used to compress Vulkan-rendered RGBA textures into JPEG for MMLM vision input

4. DATA STRUCTURE & UNITY-LIKE ABSTRACTION

4.1 Core Principle

The engine exposes a Unity-like API surface (GameObject, AddComponent, GetComponent) while internally storing all data in Flecs components. The GameObject wrapper is never a place for state.

4.2 GameObject Facade

public readonly struct GameObject
{
    public readonly Entity Entity;
    public readonly World World;

    public GameObject(World world, Entity entity)
    {
        World = world;
        Entity = entity;
    }

    public void AddComponent<T>(T component) where T : unmanaged
    {
        Entity.Set(component);
    }

    public ref T GetComponent<T>() where T : unmanaged
    {
        return ref Entity.GetMut<T>();
    }

    public bool HasComponent<T>() where T : unmanaged
    {
        return Entity.Has<T>();
    }

    public void RemoveComponent<T>() where T : unmanaged
    {
        Entity.Remove<T>();
    }
}

4.3 Component Definitions

Components are plain C# structs registered with the Flecs type system:

public struct Transform : IComponent
{
    public Vector3 Position;
    public Quaternion Rotation;
    public Vector3 Scale;
}

public struct MeshRef : IComponent
{
    public ulong MeshId;
}

public struct Camera : IComponent
{
    public float Fov;
    public float Near;
    public float Far;
}

public struct SemanticClass : IComponent
{
    public byte ClassId; // 0=environment, 1=enemy, 2=player, 3=interactive, 4=trigger
}

4.4 AI Hot-Reloading (Dev Mode)

When the AI generates a C# script, the engine:

  1. Receives the script string via the AiGateway.
  2. Runs a pre-validation pass (syntax check, banned namespace check, unsafe code check).
  3. Feeds the script to Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp (Roslyn).
  4. Emits the compiled assembly into a MemoryStream.
  5. Loads the assembly into a dedicated AssemblyLoadContext.
  6. Extracts systems marked with [Slot("name")] attribute.
  7. Calls SystemSlotRegistry.HotSwap() to replace the old system with the new one.
  8. Migrates entities using the old component types to the new types.
  9. Unloads the old AssemblyLoadContext.

Important caveat: Flecs stores component type metadata in its native C memory. If old C# types are still referenced by Flecs, the old AssemblyLoadContext cannot be fully unloaded. The migration step must remove old components and re-add them as the new types.

4.5 SystemSlotRegistry

public class SystemSlotRegistry
{
    private readonly Dictionary<string, Entity> _slots = new();
    private readonly World _world;

    public void Register(string slotName, Entity systemEntity)
    {
        _slots[slotName] = systemEntity;
    }

    public void HotSwap(string slotName, Entity newSystemEntity)
    {
        if (_slots.TryGetValue(slotName, out var oldSystem))
        {
            oldSystem.Destruct(); // Flecs system destructor
        }

        _slots[slotName] = newSystemEntity;
    }

    public IEnumerable<KeyValuePair<string, Entity>> EnumerateSlots()
    {
        return _slots;
    }
}

5. MMLM SELF-DIAGNOSTIC CONTEXT LOOP

5.1 Purpose

The DiagnosticsManager captures a multimodal Diagnostic Payload that gives the AI full context:

  • Visual context — what the engine is currently rendering
  • Structural context — the exact ECS world state
  • Code context — current scripts, logs, and stack traces

5.2 Diagnostic Payload Structure

public class DiagnosticPayload
{
    public byte[] VisualJpeg { get; set; }        // Semantic scene screenshot
    public byte[] ProfilerJpeg { get; set; }      // ImGui performance graph
    public string WorldJson { get; set; }           // Flecs ECS state
    public string SystemGraphSvg { get; set; }      // System pipeline diagram
    public string ConsoleLogs { get; set; }         // Recent log tail
    public string StackTrace { get; set; }          // Exception trace if any
    public Dictionary<string, string> SourceFiles { get; set; } // Active scripts
}

5.3 Capture Flow

[1] TRIGGER
    │
    ├─ User clicks "AI Inspect" in the editor
    ├─ Unhandled exception occurs
    └─ Automatic capture on frame-time spike
    │
[2] CAPTURE
    │
    ├─ [2a] Visual Layer (Vulkan)
    │    ├─ Allocate off-screen VkImage (R8G8B8A8_UNORM)
    │    ├─ Encode semantic render pass using SemanticClass component
    │    ├─ Use Vulkan dynamic rendering (vkCmdBeginRendering / vkCmdEndRendering)
    │    ├─ Copy image to host-visible staging buffer (vkCmdCopyImageToBuffer)
    │    ├─ Map memory → Span<byte> RGBA
    │    └─ Encode to JPEG via ImageSharp
    │
    ├─ [2b] Visual Layer (Profiler)
    │    ├─ Render ImGui profiler graph to the same RTT pipeline
    │    └─ Encode to JPEG
    │
    ├─ [2c] Structural Layer (Flecs)
    │    ├─ Call ecs_world_to_json(world, &params)
    │    ├─ Marshal native UTF-8 pointer to managed string
    │    └─ Optionally filter by camera frustum
    │
    ├─ [2d] Structural Layer (System Graph)
    │    ├─ Enumerate SystemSlotRegistry
    │    └─ Generate SVG dependency graph
    │
    └─ [2e] Code & Log Layer
         ├─ Read circular log buffer
         ├─ Capture exception stack trace if present
         └─ Read active scripts from /projects/
    │
[3] PACK
    │
    └─ JSON envelope with base64-encoded JPEGs:
        {
          "visual": "<base64>",
          "profiler": "<base64>",
          "world": { ... flecs json ... },
          "systems": "<svg>",
          "logs": "...",
          "error": "...",
          "sources": { "PlayerController.cs": "..." }
        }
    │
[4] DELIVER
    │
    ├─ Engine.Broker HTTP POST /diagnostics
    │    (External script forwards to MMLM API)
    │
    └─ Future: embedded llama.cpp / ONNX Runtime direct inference

5.4 Timing Budget

Phase Target Time
Vulkan semantic render pass 2–5 ms (GPU)
Texture readback + JPEG encode 5–10 ms (CPU)
ecs_world_to_json() 1–3 ms (native C)
SVG graph generation <1 ms
Log collection <1 ms
Total ~10–20 ms

Non-critical captures can be spread across multiple frames to avoid stuttering.

5.5 Flecs JSON Advantage

ecs_world_to_json() uses Flecs native C-reflection instead of C# System.Reflection. This means:

  • ✅ Works in NativeAOT Release Mode
  • ✅ No P/Invoke overhead for serialization itself
  • ✅ Schema-stable output, perfect for MMLM prompts
  • ✅ Works with runtime-registered components

6. AI MUTATION GATEWAY

6.1 Purpose

The AiGateway is the only allowed path for the AI to modify the running engine. It prevents memory corruption, invalid state, and unsafe code execution.

6.2 Command Pattern (Works in Both Dev and Release)

The AI issues declarative JSON commands:

{
  "command": "spawn",
  "type": "enemy",
  "at": [10, 0, 5],
  "components": {
    "Transform": { "position": [10, 0, 5], "rotation": [0, 0, 0, 1], "scale": [1, 1, 1] },
    "SemanticClass": { "classId": 1 }
  }
}

Validation steps:

  1. JSON schema validation
  2. Type existence check via Flecs reflection
  3. Coordinate sanity check (e.g., no NaN, no extreme values)
  4. Safe-name check (no .. in prefab paths)
  5. Queue operation via world.Defer() for execution at the next frame boundary

6.3 Scripting Validation (Dev Mode Only)

Before Roslyn compilation:

  1. Syntax pre-check: Parse as C# syntax tree.
  2. Banned symbols check: Disallow unsafe, Marshal, File, Process, Thread, Assembly, Reflection.Emit.
  3. Namespace whitelist: Allow only Engine.*, System, System.Numerics, Flecs.NET.
  4. Reference validation: Ensure all referenced types exist in the engine API surface.
  5. Sandboxed compilation: Compile into isolated AssemblyLoadContext.

6.4 Release Mode Limitation

In Release (NativeAOT), the AI cannot compile new C# code. It can only send JSON commands. This is a deliberate security and stability choice.

7. LOGICAL PROJECT LAYOUT

/home/emil/Desktop/Cortex_Engine
├── AGENTS.md                              # This file
├── CORTEX_ENGINE_ARCHITECTURE.md          # Mirror / detailed specification
├── src/
│   ├── Engine.Core/
│   │   ├── EngineApp.cs                  # Entry point, main loop
│   │   ├── Sdl3Window.cs                 # SDL3 window wrapper
│   │   ├── Timing.cs                     # DeltaTime, fixed timestep
│   │   └── InputMapping.cs               # Keyboard, mouse, gamepad input
│   │
│   ├── Engine.Data/
│   │   ├── GameObject.cs                 # Thin struct facade
│   │   ├── ComponentTypes.cs             # Transform, MeshRef, Camera, SemanticClass
│   │   ├── WorldContext.cs               # Flecs world initialization
│   │   └── SystemSlotRegistry.cs         # Named system hot-swap registry
│   │
│   ├── Engine.Graphics/
│   │   ├── VulkanContext.cs              # Device, instance, queues
│   │   ├── Swapchain.cs                  # Swapchain management
│   │   ├── RenderPassManager.cs          # Dynamic rendering helpers
│   │   ├── SemanticRenderer.cs           # Flat-color segmentation pass
│   │   ├── RttCamera.cs                  # Virtual camera + off-screen framebuffer
│   │   └── TextureReadback.cs            # Image → staging buffer → JPEG
│   │
│   ├── Engine.Diagnostics/
│   │   ├── DiagnosticsManager.cs         # Orchestrator
│   │   ├── FlecsJsonExporter.cs          # ecs_world_to_json wrapper
│   │   ├── SystemGraphSvg.cs             # SVG dependency graph generator
│   │   ├── Payload.cs                    # DiagnosticPayload class
│   │   └── LogBuffer.cs                  # Circular console log buffer
│   │
│   ├── Engine.AiGateway/
│   │   ├── AiGateway.cs                  # Command parser + dispatcher
│   │   ├── CommandValidator.cs           # JSON command validation
│   │   ├── RoslynCompilerService.cs      # Dev-Mode C# compilation
│   │   ├── ScriptingSandbox.cs           # AssemblyLoadContext isolation
│   │   └── TypeMigration.cs              # Component type migration helper
│   │
│   ├── Engine.Editor/
│   │   ├── ImGuiController.cs           # Hexa.NET.ImGui initialization
│   │   ├── HierarchyWindow.cs            # Scene hierarchy panel
│   │   ├── InspectorWindow.cs            # Component inspector
│   │   ├── AiConsoleWindow.cs            # AI Co-Developer panel
│   │   └── ProfilerWindow.cs            # Performance graphs
│   │
│   ├── Engine.Broker/
│   │   └── DiagnosticsHttpServer.cs      # Local HTTP endpoint for AI payloads
│   │
│   └── Engine.Physics/
│       └── PhysicsModule.cs              # JoltPhysicsSharp integration (future)
│
├── projects/                              # AI-generated game scripts
│   └── .gitkeep
├── tests/
│   └── Engine.Tests/
├── shaders/
│   ├── semantic.vert.spv
│   └── semantic.frag.spv
└── tools/
    └── svg-generator/                     # Optional CLI tools

8. FOUNDATIONAL MVP — 3 INITIAL CODE STEPS

Step 1: Engine.Core — Window + Vulkan Context + Clear Screen

Goal: A visible window with a functioning Vulkan device and a frame loop that clears the screen to a solid color.

Deliverables:

  • EngineApp.cs — Init, Update, Render, Shutdown loop
  • Sdl3Window.cs — ppy.SDL3-CS wrapper (create window, poll events, resize)
  • VulkanContext.cs — Vortice.Vulkan instance, physical device, logical device, queues
  • Swapchain.cs — swapchain creation and recreation
  • First frame: vkCmdClearColorImage → present

Dependencies:

  • ppy.SDL3-CS
  • Vortice.Vulkan
  • Vortice.VulkanMemoryAllocator (optional but recommended)

Step 2: Engine.Data — Flecs World + GameObject + SystemSlotRegistry

Goal: A working ECS world with Unity-like access patterns and a hot-swap registry skeleton.

Deliverables:

  • GameObject.cs — readonly struct facade
  • ComponentTypes.cs — Transform, MeshRef, Camera, SemanticClass
  • WorldContext.cs — Flecs world initialization
  • SystemSlotRegistry.cs — named system registration and hot-swap
  • Test: create 1000 entities, add Transform, iterate, print FPS

Dependencies:

  • Flecs.NET.Release

Step 3: Engine.Diagnostics — DiagnosticsManager + Flecs JSON Export

Goal: The MMLM context loop skeleton — captures world state as JSON plus a placeholder visual capture.

Deliverables:

  • DiagnosticsManager.cs — CapturePayload() orchestrator
  • FlecsJsonExporter.cs — ecs_world_to_json() wrapper
  • Payload.cs — unified diagnostic payload structure
  • SystemGraphSvg.cs — SVG dependency graph generator
  • LogBuffer.cs — circular console log buffer
  • Visual capture stub (placeholder JPEG until Step 1's Vulkan readback is wired)
  • Console test: CapturePayload() → print JSON + SVG to stdout

Dependencies:

  • Flecs.NET.Release
  • SixLabors.ImageSharp

9. VERIFIED DEPENDENCY TABLE

Component Package Version .NET AOT WASM Mobile Status
SDL3 ppy.SDL3-CS 2026.520.0 9/10 ✅ ✅ ✅ Production
Vulkan Vortice.Vulkan 3.2.3 9/10 ✅ ❌ MoltenVK Production
ImGui Hexa.NET.ImGui latest 9/10 ✅ ✅ ✅ Production
ECS Flecs.NET.Release 4.0.3 8/9 ✅* ✅ ✅ Production
Physics JoltPhysicsSharp 2.21.0 9/10 ✅ ❌ ✅ Production
JPEG SixLabors.ImageSharp latest 9/10 ✅ ✅ ✅ Production

* Via <FlecsStaticLink>true</FlecsStaticLink>

10. KNOWN RISKS & MITIGATIONS

Risk Impact Mitigation
NativeAOT + Roslyn conflict High Dual-runtime strategy: JIT for dev, AOT for release
Flecs AssemblyLoadContext leak Medium Type migration before unloading old context
MoltenVK limitations Medium Use Vulkan 1.3 baseline + portability subset; test on Apple hardware early
Vulkan verbosity Medium Build a high-level renderer abstraction; let the AI generate systems, not raw Vulkan
Hexa.NET.ImGui version drift Low Pin version; fork if necessary
JoltPhysicsSharp mobile perf Low Profile on target devices; use Jolt's SIMD paths

11. PROMPT ENGINEERING FOR AI CODING

When generating code with an MMLM for this engine, always include this context header:

You are coding for Cortex Engine, a C# (.NET 9) AI-Native multiplatform 3D game engine.

Stack:
- C# .NET 9 with dual-runtime: JIT (Debug) for Roslyn hot-reload, NativeAOT (ReleaseAOT) for JSON-only AI commands
- SDL3-cs (ppy.SDL3-CS) for windowing and input
- Vortice.Vulkan for graphics
- Flecs.NET for ECS
- Hexa.NET.ImGui for editor UI
- JoltPhysicsSharp for physics

Rules:
1. All state lives in ECS components. GameObject is a struct facade.
2. All AI mutations go through AiGateway.
3. All Dev-Mode AI scripts must be AOT-compatible and avoid unsafe, Reflection.Emit, Assembly.Load, File I/O.
4. All systems are registered in SystemSlotRegistry and tagged with [Slot("name")].
5. Use Roslyn syntax trees for validation before compilation.
6. Prefer Flecs native reflection (ecs_world_to_json) over C# reflection.
7. Keep modules isolated; do not create circular dependencies between Engine.Core, Engine.Data, Engine.Graphics, Engine.Diagnostics, Engine.AiGateway, Engine.Editor.

Current file context: [insert path here]

12. NEXT DECISION POINTS

  1. Which Step 1/2/3 should be implemented first? (Recommended: Step 1 for visible window)
  2. Should Hexa.NET.ImGui be pinned to a specific version immediately?
  3. Should Engine.Broker HTTP server be included in MVP or deferred?
  4. Should Jolt Physics be added in Step 3 or kept for a later milestone?

This document is the canonical architecture reference for Cortex Engine. Any changes to stack, project layout, or core data flow must be reflected here before implementation.

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