Verbatim/src/render/graphics.rs

use ash::vk;
use std::ffi::CString;
use std::sync::Arc;

use crate::entity::EntityManager;
use crate::render::lighting;
use crate::world::cell::MaterialId;
use crate::world::grid::{Grid, WORLD_H, WORLD_W};

const CHAR_W: u32 = 8;
const CHAR_H: u32 = 8;
const UI_CELL_SIZE: u32 = 2;
const MAX_FRAMES: usize = 2;

fn entity_priority(kind: crate::entity::EntityKind) -> u32 {
    use crate::entity::EntityKind;
    match kind {
        EntityKind::Player => 3,
        EntityKind::Goblin => 2,
        EntityKind::Slime => 1,
        EntityKind::Corpse => 0,
    }
}

fn background_color(wx: i32, wy: i32, vy: i32, view_h: i32) -> [u8; 4] {
    let t = (vy as f32 / view_h as f32).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
    let base_r = (10.0 + t * 15.0) as u8;
    let base_g = (10.0 + t * 25.0) as u8;
    let base_b = (25.0 + t * 35.0) as u8;

    let hash = ((wx.wrapping_mul(73856093)) ^ (wy.wrapping_mul(19349663))).wrapping_abs();
    if hash % 80 == 0 {
        let brightness = (60 + (hash % 120) as u8).min(255);
        return [brightness, brightness, brightness + 20, 255];
    }

    [base_r, base_g, base_b, 255]
}

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default)]
struct ColorInstance {
    grid_x: f32,
    grid_y: f32,
    color: [u8; 4],
}

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(bytemuck::NoUninit, Clone, Copy, Default)]
struct GpuLightSource {
    pos: [f32; 2],
    radius: f32,
    _pad0: f32,
    color: [f32; 3],
    _pad1: f32,
}

const MAX_LIGHT_SOURCES: usize = 64;

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(bytemuck::NoUninit, Clone, Copy)]
struct PushConstants {
    screen_size: [f32; 2],
    cell_size: [f32; 2],
    world_size: [i32; 2],
    cam_pos: [i32; 2],
    ambient: [f32; 3],
    is_ui: u32,
    light_count: u32,
}

pub struct GraphicsRenderer {
    grid_w: usize,
    grid_h: usize,

    entry: ash::Entry,
    instance: ash::Instance,
    surface: vk::SurfaceKHR,
    physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
    device: ash::Device,
    graphics_queue: vk::Queue,

    swapchain_loader: ash::khr::swapchain::Device,
    swapchain: vk::SwapchainKHR,
    swapchain_image_views: Vec<vk::ImageView>,
    swapchain_extent: vk::Extent2D,
    present_mode: vk::PresentModeKHR,

    render_pass: vk::RenderPass,
    pipeline: vk::Pipeline,
    pipeline_layout: vk::PipelineLayout,
    framebuffers: Vec<vk::Framebuffer>,

    command_pool: vk::CommandPool,
    command_buffers: Vec<vk::CommandBuffer>,

    image_available: Vec<vk::Semaphore>,
    render_finished: Vec<vk::Semaphore>,
    in_flight: Vec<vk::Fence>,
    frame_index: usize,

    vertex_buffer: vk::Buffer,
    vertex_memory: vk::DeviceMemory,
    index_buffer: vk::Buffer,
    index_memory: vk::DeviceMemory,

    instance_buffer: vk::Buffer,
    instance_memory: vk::DeviceMemory,
    instance_ptr: *mut ColorInstance,
    instance_count: usize,

    ui_instance_buffer: vk::Buffer,
    ui_instance_memory: vk::DeviceMemory,
    ui_instance_ptr: *mut ColorInstance,
    ui_instance_capacity: usize,

    grid_buffer: vk::Buffer,
    grid_memory: vk::DeviceMemory,
    grid_ptr: *mut u32,

    light_buffer: vk::Buffer,
    light_memory: vk::DeviceMemory,
    light_ptr: *mut GpuLightSource,

    ent_pri_buf: Vec<u8>,
    entity_color_buf: Vec<[u8; 4]>,
    item_color_buf: Vec<[u8; 4]>,
    shadow_buf: Vec<bool>,

    descriptor_set_layout: vk::DescriptorSetLayout,
    descriptor_pool: vk::DescriptorPool,
    descriptor_set: vk::DescriptorSet,

    window: Arc<winit::window::Window>,
}

impl GraphicsRenderer {
    pub fn new(window: Arc<winit::window::Window>) -> Result<Self, String> {
        let grid_w = 160usize;
        let grid_h = 50usize;

        let entry = unsafe { ash::Entry::load().map_err(|e| format!("Vulkan load: {e}"))? };

        use raw_window_handle::HasDisplayHandle;
        let dh = window
            .display_handle()
            .map_err(|e| format!("display_handle: {e}"))?;
        let required_exts = ash_window::enumerate_required_extensions(dh.as_raw())
            .map_err(|e| format!("enumerate_required_extensions: {e:?}"))?;

        let app_name = CString::new("Verbatim").unwrap();
        let app_info = vk::ApplicationInfo::default()
            .application_name(&app_name)
            .api_version(vk::API_VERSION_1_2);
        let mut ext_ptrs: Vec<*const i8> = required_exts.iter().map(|&p| p as *const i8).collect();
        let avail_exts =
            unsafe { entry.enumerate_instance_extension_properties(None) }.unwrap_or_default();
        let has_debug = avail_exts.iter().any(|e| {
            let name = unsafe { std::ffi::CStr::from_ptr(e.extension_name.as_ptr() as *const i8) };
            name.to_str().unwrap_or("") == "VK_EXT_debug_utils"
        });
        if has_debug {
            ext_ptrs.push(b"VK_EXT_debug_utils\0".as_ptr() as *const i8);
        }
        let ci = vk::InstanceCreateInfo::default()
            .application_info(&app_info)
            .enabled_extension_names(&ext_ptrs);
        let instance =
            unsafe { entry.create_instance(&ci, None) }.map_err(|e| format!("instance: {e:?}"))?;

        let surface = {
            use raw_window_handle::HasWindowHandle;
            let wh = window.window_handle().map_err(|e| format!("wh: {e}"))?;
            let dh = window.display_handle().map_err(|e| format!("dh: {e}"))?;
            unsafe { ash_window::create_surface(&entry, &instance, dh.as_raw(), wh.as_raw(), None) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("surface: {e:?}"))?
        };

        let sl = ash::khr::surface::Instance::new(&entry, &instance);
        let devices =
            unsafe { instance.enumerate_physical_devices() }.map_err(|e| format!("enum: {e:?}"))?;
        let mut physical_device = vk::PhysicalDevice::null();
        let mut qf = 0u32;
        for &pd in &devices {
            let props = unsafe { instance.get_physical_device_properties(pd) };
            if props.device_type == vk::PhysicalDeviceType::CPU {
                continue;
            }
            let qfs = unsafe { instance.get_physical_device_queue_family_properties(pd) };
            for (i, q) in qfs.iter().enumerate() {
                if q.queue_flags.contains(vk::QueueFlags::GRAPHICS) {
                    let ok =
                        unsafe { sl.get_physical_device_surface_support(pd, i as u32, surface) }
                            .unwrap_or(false);
                    if ok {
                        physical_device = pd;
                        qf = i as u32;
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
            if physical_device != vk::PhysicalDevice::null() {
                break;
            }
        }
        if physical_device == vk::PhysicalDevice::null() {
            return Err("No GPU".to_string());
        }

        let qp = [1.0f32];
        let qi = vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo::default()
            .queue_family_index(qf)
            .queue_priorities(&qp);
        let dev_ext_names: Vec<CString> = vec![CString::new("VK_KHR_swapchain").unwrap()];
        let dev_ext_ptrs: Vec<*const i8> = dev_ext_names.iter().map(|n| n.as_ptr()).collect();
        let dci = vk::DeviceCreateInfo::default()
            .queue_create_infos(std::slice::from_ref(&qi))
            .enabled_extension_names(&dev_ext_ptrs);
        let device = unsafe { instance.create_device(physical_device, &dci, None) }
            .map_err(|e| format!("device: {e:?}"))?;
        let graphics_queue = unsafe { device.get_device_queue(qf, 0) };

        let swapchain_loader = ash::khr::swapchain::Device::new(&instance, &device);
        let caps = unsafe { sl.get_physical_device_surface_capabilities(physical_device, surface) }
            .map_err(|e| format!("caps: {e:?}"))?;
        let present_modes =
            unsafe { sl.get_physical_device_surface_present_modes(physical_device, surface) }
                .unwrap_or_default();
        let present_mode = present_modes
            .iter()
            .copied()
            .find(|&m| m == vk::PresentModeKHR::MAILBOX)
            .unwrap_or(vk::PresentModeKHR::FIFO);
        let format = vk::SurfaceFormatKHR {
            format: vk::Format::B8G8R8A8_UNORM,
            color_space: vk::ColorSpaceKHR::SRGB_NONLINEAR,
        };
        let extent = if caps.current_extent.width != u32::MAX {
            caps.current_extent
        } else {
            vk::Extent2D {
                width: grid_w as u32 * CHAR_W,
                height: grid_h as u32 * CHAR_H,
            }
        };
        let ic = caps.min_image_count.max(2);
        let qf_slice = [qf];
        let sci = vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR::default()
            .surface(surface)
            .min_image_count(ic)
            .image_format(format.format)
            .image_color_space(format.color_space)
            .image_extent(extent)
            .image_array_layers(1)
            .image_usage(vk::ImageUsageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT)
            .image_sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE)
            .queue_family_indices(&qf_slice)
            .pre_transform(caps.current_transform)
            .composite_alpha(vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR::OPAQUE)
            .present_mode(present_mode)
            .clipped(true);
        let swapchain = unsafe { swapchain_loader.create_swapchain(&sci, None) }
            .map_err(|e| format!("swapchain: {e:?}"))?;
        let swapchain_images = unsafe { swapchain_loader.get_swapchain_images(swapchain) }
            .map_err(|e| format!("images: {e:?}"))?;
        let swapchain_image_views: Vec<_> = swapchain_images
            .iter()
            .map(|&img| {
                let vi = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo::default()
                    .image(img)
                    .view_type(vk::ImageViewType::TYPE_2D)
                    .format(format.format)
                    .subresource_range(vk::ImageSubresourceRange {
                        aspect_mask: vk::ImageAspectFlags::COLOR,
                        base_mip_level: 0,
                        level_count: 1,
                        base_array_layer: 0,
                        layer_count: 1,
                    });
                unsafe { device.create_image_view(&vi, None).expect("image_view") }
            })
            .collect();

        let att = vk::AttachmentDescription::default()
            .format(format.format)
            .samples(vk::SampleCountFlags::TYPE_1)
            .load_op(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::CLEAR)
            .store_op(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::STORE)
            .initial_layout(vk::ImageLayout::UNDEFINED)
            .final_layout(vk::ImageLayout::PRESENT_SRC_KHR);
        let att_ref = vk::AttachmentReference::default()
            .attachment(0)
            .layout(vk::ImageLayout::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL);
        let subpass = vk::SubpassDescription::default()
            .pipeline_bind_point(vk::PipelineBindPoint::GRAPHICS)
            .color_attachments(std::slice::from_ref(&att_ref));
        let dep = vk::SubpassDependency::default()
            .src_subpass(vk::SUBPASS_EXTERNAL)
            .dst_subpass(0)
            .src_stage_mask(vk::PipelineStageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT)
            .dst_stage_mask(vk::PipelineStageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT)
            .dst_access_mask(vk::AccessFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE);
        let rpci = vk::RenderPassCreateInfo::default()
            .attachments(std::slice::from_ref(&att))
            .subpasses(std::slice::from_ref(&subpass))
            .dependencies(std::slice::from_ref(&dep));
        let render_pass = unsafe { device.create_render_pass(&rpci, None) }
            .map_err(|e| format!("render_pass: {e:?}"))?;

        // Pipeline — no atlas, no descriptor set, just colored quads
        let vert_spv = include_bytes!("../../assets/shaders/graphics_vert.spv");
        let frag_spv = include_bytes!("../../assets/shaders/graphics_frag.spv");
        let vert_code: Vec<u32> = vert_spv
            .chunks_exact(4)
            .map(|c| u32::from_ne_bytes([c[0], c[1], c[2], c[3]]))
            .collect();
        let frag_code: Vec<u32> = frag_spv
            .chunks_exact(4)
            .map(|c| u32::from_ne_bytes([c[0], c[1], c[2], c[3]]))
            .collect();
        let vm = unsafe {
            device.create_shader_module(
                &vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo::default().code(&vert_code),
                None,
            )
        }
        .map_err(|e| format!("vert: {e:?}"))?;
        let fm = unsafe {
            device.create_shader_module(
                &vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo::default().code(&frag_code),
                None,
            )
        }
        .map_err(|e| format!("frag: {e:?}"))?;
        let main = CString::new("main").unwrap();
        let vs = vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo::default()
            .stage(vk::ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX)
            .module(vm)
            .name(&main);
        let fs = vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo::default()
            .stage(vk::ShaderStageFlags::FRAGMENT)
            .module(fm)
            .name(&main);

        let bindings = [
            vk::VertexInputBindingDescription {
                binding: 0,
                stride: 8,
                input_rate: vk::VertexInputRate::VERTEX,
            },
            vk::VertexInputBindingDescription {
                binding: 1,
                stride: std::mem::size_of::<ColorInstance>() as u32,
                input_rate: vk::VertexInputRate::INSTANCE,
            },
        ];
        let attrs = [
            vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription {
                location: 0,
                binding: 0,
                format: vk::Format::R32G32_SFLOAT,
                offset: 0,
            },
            vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription {
                location: 1,
                binding: 1,
                format: vk::Format::R32G32_SFLOAT,
                offset: 0,
            },
            vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription {
                location: 2,
                binding: 1,
                format: vk::Format::R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
                offset: 8,
            },
        ];
        let vi = vk::PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo::default()
            .vertex_binding_descriptions(&bindings)
            .vertex_attribute_descriptions(&attrs);
        let ia = vk::PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo::default()
            .topology(vk::PrimitiveTopology::TRIANGLE_LIST);
        let dynamic_states = [vk::DynamicState::VIEWPORT, vk::DynamicState::SCISSOR];
        let dynamic_state =
            vk::PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo::default().dynamic_states(&dynamic_states);
        let vs_state = vk::PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo::default()
            .viewport_count(1)
            .scissor_count(1);
        let rs = vk::PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo::default()
            .line_width(1.0)
            .cull_mode(vk::CullModeFlags::NONE);
        let ms = vk::PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo::default()
            .rasterization_samples(vk::SampleCountFlags::TYPE_1);
        let cba = vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState::default()
            .blend_enable(true)
            .src_color_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::SRC_ALPHA)
            .dst_color_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
            .color_blend_op(vk::BlendOp::ADD)
            .src_alpha_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::ONE)
            .dst_alpha_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::ZERO)
            .alpha_blend_op(vk::BlendOp::ADD)
            .color_write_mask(vk::ColorComponentFlags::RGBA);
        let cb = vk::PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo::default()
            .attachments(std::slice::from_ref(&cba));
        let grid_binding = vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding::default()
            .binding(0)
            .descriptor_type(vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER)
            .descriptor_count(1)
            .stage_flags(vk::ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX);
        let light_binding = vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding::default()
            .binding(1)
            .descriptor_type(vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER)
            .descriptor_count(1)
            .stage_flags(vk::ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX);
        let dsl_bindings = [grid_binding, light_binding];
        let dsl_ci = vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo::default().bindings(&dsl_bindings);
        let descriptor_set_layout = unsafe { device.create_descriptor_set_layout(&dsl_ci, None) }
            .map_err(|e| format!("dsl: {e:?}"))?;
        let pcr = vk::PushConstantRange {
            stage_flags: vk::ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX,
            offset: 0,
            size: std::mem::size_of::<PushConstants>() as u32,
        };
        let pli = vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo::default()
            .set_layouts(std::slice::from_ref(&descriptor_set_layout))
            .push_constant_ranges(std::slice::from_ref(&pcr));
        let pipeline_layout = unsafe { device.create_pipeline_layout(&pli, None) }
            .map_err(|e| format!("pipeline_layout: {e:?}"))?;
        let stages = [vs, fs];
        let gpci = vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo::default()
            .stages(&stages)
            .vertex_input_state(&vi)
            .input_assembly_state(&ia)
            .viewport_state(&vs_state)
            .rasterization_state(&rs)
            .multisample_state(&ms)
            .color_blend_state(&cb)
            .dynamic_state(&dynamic_state)
            .layout(pipeline_layout)
            .render_pass(render_pass)
            .subpass(0);
        let pipes = unsafe {
            device.create_graphics_pipelines(
                vk::PipelineCache::null(),
                std::slice::from_ref(&gpci),
                None,
            )
        }
        .map_err(|(_, e)| format!("pipeline: {e:?}"))?;
        unsafe {
            device.destroy_shader_module(vm, None);
            device.destroy_shader_module(fm, None);
        }
        let pipeline = pipes[0];

        let framebuffers: Vec<_> = swapchain_image_views
            .iter()
            .map(|&view| {
                let fci = vk::FramebufferCreateInfo::default()
                    .render_pass(render_pass)
                    .attachments(std::slice::from_ref(&view))
                    .width(extent.width)
                    .height(extent.height)
                    .layers(1);
                unsafe { device.create_framebuffer(&fci, None).expect("fb") }
            })
            .collect();

        let command_pool = {
            let cpci = vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo::default()
                .queue_family_index(qf)
                .flags(vk::CommandPoolCreateFlags::RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER);
            unsafe { device.create_command_pool(&cpci, None) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("cmd_pool: {e:?}"))?
        };
        let command_buffers = {
            let cai = vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo::default()
                .command_pool(command_pool)
                .level(vk::CommandBufferLevel::PRIMARY)
                .command_buffer_count(framebuffers.len() as u32);
            unsafe { device.allocate_command_buffers(&cai) }
                .map_err(|e| format!("cmd_bufs: {e:?}"))?
        };

        let mut image_available = Vec::new();
        let mut render_finished = Vec::new();
        let mut in_flight = Vec::new();
        for _ in 0..MAX_FRAMES {
            unsafe {
                image_available.push(
                    device
                        .create_semaphore(&vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo::default(), None)
                        .map_err(|e| format!("sem: {e:?}"))?,
                );
                render_finished.push(
                    device
                        .create_semaphore(&vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo::default(), None)
                        .map_err(|e| format!("sem: {e:?}"))?,
                );
                in_flight.push(
                    device
                        .create_fence(
                            &vk::FenceCreateInfo::default().flags(vk::FenceCreateFlags::SIGNALED),
                            None,
                        )
                        .map_err(|e| format!("fence: {e:?}"))?,
                );
            }
        }

        // Vertex + index buffers
        let find_mem = |filter: u32, props: vk::MemoryPropertyFlags| -> Result<u32, String> {
            let mp = unsafe { instance.get_physical_device_memory_properties(physical_device) };
            for (i, mt) in mp.memory_types.iter().enumerate() {
                if (filter & (1 << i)) != 0 && mt.property_flags.contains(props) {
                    return Ok(i as u32);
                }
            }
            Err("No memory type".to_string())
        };
        let make_buf = |data: &[u8],
                        usage: vk::BufferUsageFlags|
         -> Result<(vk::Buffer, vk::DeviceMemory), String> {
            let sz = data.len() as vk::DeviceSize;
            let bi = vk::BufferCreateInfo::default()
                .size(sz)
                .usage(usage)
                .sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE);
            let buf =
                unsafe { device.create_buffer(&bi, None) }.map_err(|e| format!("buf: {e:?}"))?;
            let req = unsafe { device.get_buffer_memory_requirements(buf) };
            let mt = find_mem(
                req.memory_type_bits,
                vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_VISIBLE | vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_COHERENT,
            )?;
            let mem = unsafe {
                device.allocate_memory(
                    &vk::MemoryAllocateInfo::default()
                        .allocation_size(req.size)
                        .memory_type_index(mt),
                    None,
                )
            }
            .map_err(|e| format!("mem: {e:?}"))?;
            unsafe {
                device.bind_buffer_memory(buf, mem, 0).expect("bind");
                let ptr = device
                    .map_memory(mem, 0, sz, vk::MemoryMapFlags::default())
                    .expect("map");
                std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(data.as_ptr(), ptr as *mut u8, data.len());
                device.unmap_memory(mem);
            }
            Ok((buf, mem))
        };

        let grid_data = vec![0u32; WORLD_W * WORLD_H];
        let (grid_buffer, grid_memory) = make_buf(
            bytemuck::cast_slice(&grid_data),
            vk::BufferUsageFlags::STORAGE_BUFFER,
        )?;
        let grid_ptr = unsafe {
            let sz = (WORLD_W * WORLD_H * std::mem::size_of::<u32>()) as vk::DeviceSize;
            let ptr = device
                .map_memory(grid_memory, 0, sz, vk::MemoryMapFlags::default())
                .map_err(|e| format!("map grid: {e:?}"))?;
            ptr as *mut u32
        };

        let light_data = vec![GpuLightSource::default(); MAX_LIGHT_SOURCES];
        let (light_buffer, light_memory) = make_buf(
            bytemuck::cast_slice(&light_data),
            vk::BufferUsageFlags::STORAGE_BUFFER,
        )?;
        let light_ptr = unsafe {
            let sz = (MAX_LIGHT_SOURCES * std::mem::size_of::<GpuLightSource>()) as vk::DeviceSize;
            let ptr = device
                .map_memory(light_memory, 0, sz, vk::MemoryMapFlags::default())
                .map_err(|e| format!("map light: {e:?}"))?;
            ptr as *mut GpuLightSource
        };

        let pool_sizes = [vk::DescriptorPoolSize {
            ty: vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER,
            descriptor_count: 2,
        }];
        let descriptor_pool = unsafe {
            device.create_descriptor_pool(
                &vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo::default()
                    .pool_sizes(&pool_sizes)
                    .max_sets(1),
                None,
            )
        }
        .map_err(|e| format!("descriptor_pool: {e:?}"))?;
        let descriptor_set = unsafe {
            device.allocate_descriptor_sets(
                &vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo::default()
                    .descriptor_pool(descriptor_pool)
                    .set_layouts(std::slice::from_ref(&descriptor_set_layout)),
            )
        }
        .map_err(|e| format!("descriptor_set: {e:?}"))?[0];
        let grid_info = vk::DescriptorBufferInfo::default()
            .buffer(grid_buffer)
            .offset(0)
            .range((WORLD_W * WORLD_H * std::mem::size_of::<u32>()) as vk::DeviceSize);
        let light_info = vk::DescriptorBufferInfo::default()
            .buffer(light_buffer)
            .offset(0)
            .range((MAX_LIGHT_SOURCES * std::mem::size_of::<GpuLightSource>()) as vk::DeviceSize);
        let descriptor_writes = [
            vk::WriteDescriptorSet::default()
                .dst_set(descriptor_set)
                .dst_binding(0)
                .descriptor_type(vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER)
                .buffer_info(std::slice::from_ref(&grid_info)),
            vk::WriteDescriptorSet::default()
                .dst_set(descriptor_set)
                .dst_binding(1)
                .descriptor_type(vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER)
                .buffer_info(std::slice::from_ref(&light_info)),
        ];
        unsafe {
            device.update_descriptor_sets(&descriptor_writes, &[]);
        }

        let verts: [f32; 8] = [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0];
        let indices: [u16; 6] = [0, 1, 2, 1, 3, 2];
        let (vertex_buffer, vertex_memory) = make_buf(
            bytemuck::cast_slice(&verts),
            vk::BufferUsageFlags::VERTEX_BUFFER,
        )?;
        let (index_buffer, index_memory) = make_buf(
            bytemuck::cast_slice(&indices),
            vk::BufferUsageFlags::INDEX_BUFFER,
        )?;

        // Instance buffer
        let instance_count = grid_w * grid_h;
        let inst_sz = (instance_count * std::mem::size_of::<ColorInstance>()) as vk::DeviceSize;
        let ibi = vk::BufferCreateInfo::default()
            .size(inst_sz)
            .usage(vk::BufferUsageFlags::VERTEX_BUFFER)
            .sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE);
        let instance_buffer =
            unsafe { device.create_buffer(&ibi, None) }.map_err(|e| format!("inst buf: {e:?}"))?;
        let ireq = unsafe { device.get_buffer_memory_requirements(instance_buffer) };
        let imt = find_mem(
            ireq.memory_type_bits,
            vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_VISIBLE | vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_COHERENT,
        )?;
        let instance_memory = unsafe {
            device.allocate_memory(
                &vk::MemoryAllocateInfo::default()
                    .allocation_size(ireq.size)
                    .memory_type_index(imt),
                None,
            )
        }
        .map_err(|e| format!("inst mem: {e:?}"))?;
        let instance_ptr = unsafe {
            device
                .bind_buffer_memory(instance_buffer, instance_memory, 0)
                .expect("bind inst");
            let ptr = device
                .map_memory(instance_memory, 0, inst_sz, vk::MemoryMapFlags::default())
                .expect("map inst");
            ptr as *mut ColorInstance
        };

        let ui_capacity = 65536usize;
        let ui_inst_sz = (ui_capacity * std::mem::size_of::<ColorInstance>()) as vk::DeviceSize;
        let uibi = vk::BufferCreateInfo::default()
            .size(ui_inst_sz)
            .usage(vk::BufferUsageFlags::VERTEX_BUFFER)
            .sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE);
        let ui_instance_buffer = unsafe { device.create_buffer(&uibi, None) }
            .map_err(|e| format!("ui inst buf: {e:?}"))?;
        let uireq = unsafe { device.get_buffer_memory_requirements(ui_instance_buffer) };
        let uimt = find_mem(
            uireq.memory_type_bits,
            vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_VISIBLE | vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_COHERENT,
        )?;
        let ui_instance_memory = unsafe {
            device.allocate_memory(
                &vk::MemoryAllocateInfo::default()
                    .allocation_size(uireq.size)
                    .memory_type_index(uimt),
                None,
            )
        }
        .map_err(|e| format!("ui inst mem: {e:?}"))?;
        let ui_instance_ptr = unsafe {
            device
                .bind_buffer_memory(ui_instance_buffer, ui_instance_memory, 0)
                .expect("bind ui inst");
            let ptr = device
                .map_memory(
                    ui_instance_memory,
                    0,
                    ui_inst_sz,
                    vk::MemoryMapFlags::default(),
                )
                .expect("map ui inst");
            ptr as *mut ColorInstance
        };

        Ok(Self {
            grid_w,
            grid_h,
            entry,
            instance,
            surface,
            physical_device,
            device,
            graphics_queue,
            swapchain_loader,
            swapchain,
            swapchain_image_views,
            swapchain_extent: extent,
            present_mode,
            render_pass,
            pipeline,
            pipeline_layout,
            framebuffers,
            command_pool,
            command_buffers,
            image_available,
            render_finished,
            in_flight,
            frame_index: 0,
            vertex_buffer,
            vertex_memory,
            index_buffer,
            index_memory,
            instance_buffer,
            instance_memory,
            instance_ptr,
            instance_count,
            ui_instance_buffer,
            ui_instance_memory,
            ui_instance_ptr,
            ui_instance_capacity: ui_capacity,

            grid_buffer,
            grid_memory,
            grid_ptr,

            light_buffer,
            light_memory,
            light_ptr,

            ent_pri_buf: Vec::new(),
            entity_color_buf: Vec::new(),
            item_color_buf: Vec::new(),
            shadow_buf: Vec::new(),

            descriptor_set_layout,
            descriptor_pool,
            descriptor_set,

            window,
        })
    }

    pub fn render(
        &mut self,
        grid: &Grid,
        entities: &EntityManager,
        items: &crate::entity::item::ItemManager,
        ui: &crate::ui::UiLayer,
        cam_x: i32,
        cam_y: i32,
        _lighting: Option<&lighting::LightGrid>,
    ) {
        self.check_resize();

        let amb_u8 = lighting::ambient_light();
        let ambient = [
            amb_u8[0] as f32 / 255.0,
            amb_u8[1] as f32 / 255.0,
            amb_u8[2] as f32 / 255.0,
        ];

        let vp_size = self.grid_w * self.grid_h;
        if self.ent_pri_buf.len() != vp_size {
            self.ent_pri_buf.resize(vp_size, 0);
            self.entity_color_buf.resize(vp_size, [0, 0, 0, 0]);
            self.item_color_buf.resize(vp_size, [0, 0, 0, 0]);
            self.shadow_buf.resize(vp_size, false);
        }
        self.ent_pri_buf.fill(0);
        self.entity_color_buf.fill([0, 0, 0, 0]);
        self.item_color_buf.fill([0, 0, 0, 0]);
        self.shadow_buf.fill(false);

        let ent_pri = &mut self.ent_pri_buf;
        let entity_color = &mut self.entity_color_buf;
        let item_color = &mut self.item_color_buf;

        for item in items.all() {
            let sx = item.x - cam_x;
            let sy = item.y - cam_y;
            for (dx, dy, col) in item.shape() {
                let px = sx + dx;
                let py = sy + dy;
                if px >= 0 && px < self.grid_w as i32 && py >= 0 && py < self.grid_h as i32 {
                    let idx = py as usize * self.grid_w + px as usize;
                    item_color[idx] = [col[0], col[1], col[2], 255];
                }
            }
        }
        for e in entities.all() {
            for b in &e.bodies {
                if !b.alive {
                    continue;
                }
                let sx = b.x as i32 - cam_x;
                let sy = b.y as i32 - cam_y;
                if sx >= 0 && sx < self.grid_w as i32 && sy >= 0 && sy < self.grid_h as i32 {
                    let idx = sy as usize * self.grid_w + sx as usize;
                    let color = if e.on_fire {
                        let flicker = b.fire_timer % 4;
                        [255, 120 + flicker as u8 * 20, 20 + flicker as u8 * 10, 255]
                    } else {
                        b.color
                    };
                    let pri = entity_priority(e.kind);
                    if pri as u8 > ent_pri[idx] {
                        ent_pri[idx] = pri as u8;
                        entity_color[idx] = color;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        let shadow_buf = &mut self.shadow_buf;
        for idx in 0..vp_size {
            if ent_pri[idx] == 0 {
                continue;
            }
            let ex = idx % self.grid_w;
            let ey = idx / self.grid_w;
            for dy in -1i32..=1 {
                for dx in -1i32..=1 {
                    if dx == 0 && dy == 0 {
                        continue;
                    }
                    let sx = ex as i32 + dx;
                    let sy = ey as i32 + dy;
                    if sx < 0 || sx >= self.grid_w as i32 || sy < 0 || sy >= self.grid_h as i32 {
                        continue;
                    }
                    let sidx = sy as usize * self.grid_w + sx as usize;
                    if ent_pri[sidx] > 0 {
                        continue;
                    }
                    let wx = cam_x + sx;
                    let wy = cam_y + sy;
                    if !grid.in_bounds(wx, wy) || grid.get(wx, wy).is_empty() {
                        shadow_buf[sidx] = true;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        let instances =
            unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(self.instance_ptr, self.instance_count) };

        let gh = self.grid_h as i32;
        for dy in 0..self.grid_h {
            for dx in 0..self.grid_w {
                let idx = dy * self.grid_w + dx;
                let wx = cam_x + dx as i32;
                let wy = cam_y + dy as i32;

                let color = if ent_pri[idx] > 0 {
                    entity_color[idx]
                } else if item_color[idx][3] > 0 {
                    item_color[idx]
                } else if shadow_buf[idx] {
                    [0, 0, 0, 255]
                } else if !grid.in_bounds(wx, wy) {
                    [40, 40, 40, 255]
                } else {
                    let cell = grid.get(wx, wy);
                    if cell.is_empty() {
                        background_color(wx, wy, dy as i32, gh)
                    } else if cell.material == MaterialId::Lava {
                        let r = 200u8.saturating_add(cell.variant / 2);
                        [r, 60, 20, 255]
                    } else {
                        [cell.fg[0], cell.fg[1], cell.fg[2], 255]
                    }
                };

                instances[idx] = ColorInstance {
                    grid_x: dx as f32,
                    grid_y: dy as f32,
                    color,
                };
            }
        }

        let ui_instances = unsafe {
            std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(self.ui_instance_ptr, self.ui_instance_capacity)
        };
        let mut ui_count = 0usize;
        for (x, y) in ui.keys() {
            if ui_count >= self.ui_instance_capacity {
                break;
            }
            ui_instances[ui_count] = ColorInstance {
                grid_x: *x as f32,
                grid_y: *y as f32,
                color: {
                    let cell = ui.get(*x, *y).unwrap();
                    [cell.fg[0], cell.fg[1], cell.fg[2], cell.alpha]
                },
            };
            ui_count += 1;
        }

        unsafe {
            let margin = 30i32;
            let x_min = (cam_x - margin).max(0) as usize;
            let x_max = (cam_x + self.grid_w as i32 + margin).min(WORLD_W as i32) as usize;
            let y_min = (cam_y - margin).max(0) as usize;
            let y_max = (cam_y + self.grid_h as i32 + margin).min(WORLD_H as i32) as usize;
            for y in y_min..y_max {
                let row_offset = y * WORLD_W;
                for x in x_min..x_max {
                    let i = row_offset + x;
                    *self.grid_ptr.add(i) = grid.cells[i].material as u32;
                }
            }
        }

        let sources =
            lighting::gather_sources_in_range(grid, cam_x, cam_y, self.grid_w, self.grid_h, 30);
        let light_count = sources.len().min(MAX_LIGHT_SOURCES) as u32;
        unsafe {
            let light_slice = std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(self.light_ptr, MAX_LIGHT_SOURCES);
            for (i, src) in sources.iter().take(MAX_LIGHT_SOURCES).enumerate() {
                light_slice[i] = GpuLightSource {
                    pos: [src.x as f32, src.y as f32],
                    radius: src.radius as f32,
                    _pad0: 0.0,
                    color: [
                        src.color[0] as f32 / 255.0,
                        src.color[1] as f32 / 255.0,
                        src.color[2] as f32 / 255.0,
                    ],
                    _pad1: 0.0,
                };
            }
        }

        let frame = self.frame_index;
        let device = &self.device;

        unsafe {
            let _ = device.wait_for_fences(&[self.in_flight[frame]], true, u64::MAX);
            let _ = device.reset_fences(&[self.in_flight[frame]]);

            let image_index = match self.swapchain_loader.acquire_next_image(
                self.swapchain,
                u64::MAX,
                self.image_available[frame],
                vk::Fence::null(),
            ) {
                Ok((idx, _)) => idx as usize,
                Err(e) => {
                    eprintln!("acquire: {e:?}");
                    return;
                }
            };

            let cmd = self.command_buffers[frame];
            let _ = device.reset_command_buffer(cmd, vk::CommandBufferResetFlags::default());
            let _ = device.begin_command_buffer(cmd, &vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo::default());

            let clear = vk::ClearValue {
                color: vk::ClearColorValue {
                    float32: [10.0 / 255.0, 10.0 / 255.0, 15.0 / 255.0, 1.0],
                },
            };
            let rp_info = vk::RenderPassBeginInfo::default()
                .render_pass(self.render_pass)
                .framebuffer(self.framebuffers[image_index])
                .render_area(vk::Rect2D {
                    offset: vk::Offset2D::default(),
                    extent: self.swapchain_extent,
                })
                .clear_values(std::slice::from_ref(&clear));

            device.cmd_begin_render_pass(cmd, &rp_info, vk::SubpassContents::INLINE);
            device.cmd_bind_pipeline(cmd, vk::PipelineBindPoint::GRAPHICS, self.pipeline);

            let viewport = vk::Viewport {
                x: 0.0,
                y: 0.0,
                width: self.swapchain_extent.width as f32,
                height: self.swapchain_extent.height as f32,
                min_depth: 0.0,
                max_depth: 1.0,
            };
            let scissor = vk::Rect2D {
                offset: vk::Offset2D::default(),
                extent: self.swapchain_extent,
            };
            device.cmd_set_viewport(cmd, 0, std::slice::from_ref(&viewport));
            device.cmd_set_scissor(cmd, 0, std::slice::from_ref(&scissor));

            device.cmd_bind_descriptor_sets(
                cmd,
                vk::PipelineBindPoint::GRAPHICS,
                self.pipeline_layout,
                0,
                &[self.descriptor_set],
                &[],
            );
            device.cmd_bind_vertex_buffers(
                cmd,
                0,
                &[self.vertex_buffer, self.instance_buffer],
                &[0, 0],
            );
            device.cmd_bind_index_buffer(cmd, self.index_buffer, 0, vk::IndexType::UINT16);

            let pc = PushConstants {
                screen_size: [
                    self.swapchain_extent.width as f32,
                    self.swapchain_extent.height as f32,
                ],
                cell_size: [CHAR_W as f32, CHAR_H as f32],
                world_size: [WORLD_W as i32, WORLD_H as i32],
                cam_pos: [cam_x, cam_y],
                ambient,
                is_ui: 0,
                light_count,
            };
            device.cmd_push_constants(
                cmd,
                self.pipeline_layout,
                vk::ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX,
                0,
                bytemuck::bytes_of(&pc),
            );

            device.cmd_draw_indexed(cmd, 6, self.instance_count as u32, 0, 0, 0);

            if ui_count > 0 {
                device.cmd_bind_vertex_buffers(
                    cmd,
                    0,
                    &[self.vertex_buffer, self.ui_instance_buffer],
                    &[0, 0],
                );
                let ui_pc = PushConstants {
                    screen_size: [
                        self.swapchain_extent.width as f32,
                        self.swapchain_extent.height as f32,
                    ],
                    cell_size: [UI_CELL_SIZE as f32, UI_CELL_SIZE as f32],
                    world_size: [WORLD_W as i32, WORLD_H as i32],
                    cam_pos: [0, 0],
                    ambient: [1.0, 1.0, 1.0],
                    is_ui: 1,
                    light_count: 0,
                };
                device.cmd_push_constants(
                    cmd,
                    self.pipeline_layout,
                    vk::ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX,
                    0,
                    bytemuck::bytes_of(&ui_pc),
                );
                device.cmd_draw_indexed(cmd, 6, ui_count as u32, 0, 0, 0);
            }

            device.cmd_end_render_pass(cmd);
            let _ = device.end_command_buffer(cmd);

            let wait_stages = [vk::PipelineStageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT];
            let submit_info = vk::SubmitInfo::default()
                .wait_semaphores(std::slice::from_ref(&self.image_available[frame]))
                .wait_dst_stage_mask(&wait_stages)
                .command_buffers(std::slice::from_ref(&cmd))
                .signal_semaphores(std::slice::from_ref(&self.render_finished[frame]));
            let _ = device.queue_submit(
                self.graphics_queue,
                std::slice::from_ref(&submit_info),
                self.in_flight[frame],
            );

            let img_idx = image_index as u32;
            let present_info = vk::PresentInfoKHR::default()
                .wait_semaphores(std::slice::from_ref(&self.render_finished[frame]))
                .swapchains(std::slice::from_ref(&self.swapchain))
                .image_indices(std::slice::from_ref(&img_idx));
            let _ = self
                .swapchain_loader
                .queue_present(self.graphics_queue, &present_info);
        }

        self.frame_index = (self.frame_index + 1) % MAX_FRAMES;
    }

    pub fn grid_w(&self) -> usize {
        self.grid_w
    }
    pub fn grid_h(&self) -> usize {
        self.grid_h
    }

    fn check_resize(&mut self) {
        let sl = ash::khr::surface::Instance::new(&self.entry, &self.instance);
        let caps = match unsafe {
            sl.get_physical_device_surface_capabilities(self.physical_device, self.surface)
        } {
            Ok(c) => c,
            Err(_) => return,
        };

        let new_extent = if caps.current_extent.width != u32::MAX {
            caps.current_extent
        } else {
            // Wayland: surface extent is undefined, use window inner size
            let inner = self.window.inner_size();
            vk::Extent2D {
                width: inner.width.max(1),
                height: inner.height.max(1),
            }
        };

        if new_extent.width == self.swapchain_extent.width
            && new_extent.height == self.swapchain_extent.height
        {
            return;
        }

        if new_extent.width == 0 || new_extent.height == 0 {
            return;
        }

        unsafe {
            let _ = self.device.device_wait_idle();
        }

        // Destroy old swapchain resources
        for &fb in &self.framebuffers {
            unsafe {
                self.device.destroy_framebuffer(fb, None);
            }
        }
        for &v in &self.swapchain_image_views {
            unsafe {
                self.device.destroy_image_view(v, None);
            }
        }

        // Recreate swapchain
        let sci = vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR::default()
            .surface(self.surface)
            .min_image_count(caps.min_image_count.max(2))
            .image_format(vk::Format::B8G8R8A8_UNORM)
            .image_color_space(vk::ColorSpaceKHR::SRGB_NONLINEAR)
            .image_extent(new_extent)
            .image_array_layers(1)
            .image_usage(vk::ImageUsageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT)
            .image_sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE)
            .pre_transform(caps.current_transform)
            .composite_alpha(vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR::OPAQUE)
            .present_mode(self.present_mode)
            .clipped(true)
            .old_swapchain(self.swapchain);

        let new_swapchain = match unsafe { self.swapchain_loader.create_swapchain(&sci, None) } {
            Ok(s) => s,
            Err(_) => return,
        };

        let new_images = match unsafe { self.swapchain_loader.get_swapchain_images(new_swapchain) }
        {
            Ok(i) => i,
            Err(_) => return,
        };

        let new_views: Vec<_> = new_images
            .iter()
            .map(|&img| {
                let vi = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo::default()
                    .image(img)
                    .view_type(vk::ImageViewType::TYPE_2D)
                    .format(vk::Format::B8G8R8A8_UNORM)
                    .subresource_range(vk::ImageSubresourceRange {
                        aspect_mask: vk::ImageAspectFlags::COLOR,
                        base_mip_level: 0,
                        level_count: 1,
                        base_array_layer: 0,
                        layer_count: 1,
                    });
                unsafe {
                    self.device
                        .create_image_view(&vi, None)
                        .expect("image_view")
                }
            })
            .collect();

        let new_framebuffers: Vec<_> = new_views
            .iter()
            .map(|&view| {
                let fci = vk::FramebufferCreateInfo::default()
                    .render_pass(self.render_pass)
                    .attachments(std::slice::from_ref(&view))
                    .width(new_extent.width)
                    .height(new_extent.height)
                    .layers(1);
                unsafe { self.device.create_framebuffer(&fci, None).expect("fb") }
            })
            .collect();

        // Reallocate command buffers for new count
        unsafe {
            self.device
                .free_command_buffers(self.command_pool, &self.command_buffers);
        }
        let cai = vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo::default()
            .command_pool(self.command_pool)
            .level(vk::CommandBufferLevel::PRIMARY)
            .command_buffer_count(new_framebuffers.len() as u32);
        let new_cmd_bufs = unsafe {
            self.device
                .allocate_command_buffers(&cai)
                .expect("cmd_bufs")
        };

        // Reallocate instance buffer if grid size changed
        let new_grid_w = (new_extent.width / CHAR_W) as usize;
        let new_grid_h = (new_extent.height / CHAR_H) as usize;
        let new_count = new_grid_w * new_grid_h;

        if new_count != self.instance_count {
            unsafe {
                self.device.unmap_memory(self.instance_memory);
                self.device.destroy_buffer(self.instance_buffer, None);
                self.device.free_memory(self.instance_memory, None);
            }

            let inst_sz = (new_count * std::mem::size_of::<ColorInstance>()) as vk::DeviceSize;
            let ibi = vk::BufferCreateInfo::default()
                .size(inst_sz)
                .usage(vk::BufferUsageFlags::VERTEX_BUFFER)
                .sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE);
            self.instance_buffer =
                unsafe { self.device.create_buffer(&ibi, None) }.expect("inst buf");
            let ireq = unsafe {
                self.device
                    .get_buffer_memory_requirements(self.instance_buffer)
            };

            let find_mem = |filter: u32, props: vk::MemoryPropertyFlags| -> u32 {
                let mp = unsafe {
                    self.instance
                        .get_physical_device_memory_properties(self.physical_device)
                };
                for (i, mt) in mp.memory_types.iter().enumerate() {
                    if (filter & (1 << i)) != 0 && mt.property_flags.contains(props) {
                        return i as u32;
                    }
                }
                0
            };
            let imt = find_mem(
                ireq.memory_type_bits,
                vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_VISIBLE | vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_COHERENT,
            );
            self.instance_memory = unsafe {
                self.device.allocate_memory(
                    &vk::MemoryAllocateInfo::default()
                        .allocation_size(ireq.size)
                        .memory_type_index(imt),
                    None,
                )
            }
            .expect("inst mem");
            self.instance_ptr = unsafe {
                self.device
                    .bind_buffer_memory(self.instance_buffer, self.instance_memory, 0)
                    .expect("bind");
                let ptr = self
                    .device
                    .map_memory(
                        self.instance_memory,
                        0,
                        inst_sz,
                        vk::MemoryMapFlags::default(),
                    )
                    .expect("map");
                ptr as *mut ColorInstance
            };
            self.instance_count = new_count;
        }

        // Destroy old swapchain
        unsafe {
            self.swapchain_loader
                .destroy_swapchain(self.swapchain, None);
        }

        self.swapchain = new_swapchain;
        self.swapchain_image_views = new_views;
        self.framebuffers = new_framebuffers;
        self.command_buffers = new_cmd_bufs;
        self.swapchain_extent = new_extent;
        self.grid_w = new_grid_w;
        self.grid_h = new_grid_h;
    }
}

impl Drop for GraphicsRenderer {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            let _ = self.device.device_wait_idle();
            for &f in &self.in_flight {
                self.device.destroy_fence(f, None);
            }
            for &s in &self.image_available {
                self.device.destroy_semaphore(s, None);
            }
            for &s in &self.render_finished {
                self.device.destroy_semaphore(s, None);
            }
            self.device.destroy_command_pool(self.command_pool, None);
            for &fb in &self.framebuffers {
                self.device.destroy_framebuffer(fb, None);
            }
            self.device.destroy_pipeline(self.pipeline, None);
            self.device
                .destroy_pipeline_layout(self.pipeline_layout, None);
            self.device.destroy_render_pass(self.render_pass, None);
            self.device.destroy_buffer(self.instance_buffer, None);
            self.device.free_memory(self.instance_memory, None);
            self.device.destroy_buffer(self.ui_instance_buffer, None);
            self.device.free_memory(self.ui_instance_memory, None);
            self.device.destroy_buffer(self.vertex_buffer, None);
            self.device.free_memory(self.vertex_memory, None);
            self.device.destroy_buffer(self.index_buffer, None);
            self.device.free_memory(self.index_memory, None);
            self.device.destroy_buffer(self.grid_buffer, None);
            self.device.free_memory(self.grid_memory, None);
            self.device.destroy_buffer(self.light_buffer, None);
            self.device.free_memory(self.light_memory, None);
            self.device
                .destroy_descriptor_pool(self.descriptor_pool, None);
            self.device
                .destroy_descriptor_set_layout(self.descriptor_set_layout, None);
            for &v in &self.swapchain_image_views {
                self.device.destroy_image_view(v, None);
            }
            self.swapchain_loader
                .destroy_swapchain(self.swapchain, None);
            let sl = ash::khr::surface::Instance::new(&self.entry, &self.instance);
            sl.destroy_surface(self.surface, None);
            self.device.destroy_device(None);
            self.instance.destroy_instance(None);
        }
    }
}