Verbatim/src/render/vulkan.rs

use ash::vk;
use fontdue::{Font, FontSettings};
use std::ffi::CString;
use std::sync::Arc;

use crate::entity::{EntityKind, EntityManager};
use crate::render::lighting;
use crate::world::cell::MaterialId;
use crate::world::grid::{Grid, WORLD_H, WORLD_W};

const CHAR_W: u32 = 8;
const CHAR_H: u32 = 8;
const UI_CELL_SIZE: u32 = 2;
const ATLAS_COLS: usize = 16;
const ATLAS_ROWS: usize = 8;
const ATLAS_W: u32 = (ATLAS_COLS as u32) * CHAR_W;
const ATLAS_H: u32 = (ATLAS_ROWS as u32) * CHAR_H;
const MAX_FRAMES: usize = 2;

fn entity_priority(kind: EntityKind) -> u32 {
    match kind {
        EntityKind::Player => 3,
        EntityKind::Goblin => 2,
        EntityKind::Slime => 1,
        EntityKind::Corpse => 0,
    }
}

fn background_color(wx: i32, wy: i32, vy: i32, view_h: i32) -> [u8; 4] {
    let t = (vy as f32 / view_h as f32).clamp(0.0, 1.0);
    let base_r = (10.0 + t * 15.0) as u8;
    let base_g = (10.0 + t * 25.0) as u8;
    let base_b = (25.0 + t * 35.0) as u8;

    let hash = ((wx.wrapping_mul(73856093)) ^ (wy.wrapping_mul(19349663))).abs();
    if hash % 80 == 0 {
        let brightness = (60 + (hash % 120) as u8).min(255);
        return [brightness, brightness, brightness + 20, 255];
    }

    [base_r, base_g, base_b, 255]
}

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(Clone, Copy, Default)]
struct CellInstance {
    grid_x: f32,
    grid_y: f32,
    atlas_u: f32,
    atlas_v: f32,
    atlas_w: f32,
    atlas_h: f32,
    fg: [u8; 4],
    bg: [u8; 4],
}

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(bytemuck::NoUninit, Clone, Copy, Default)]
struct GpuLightSource {
    pos: [f32; 2],
    radius: f32,
    _pad0: f32,
    color: [f32; 3],
    _pad1: f32,
}

const MAX_LIGHT_SOURCES: usize = 64;

#[repr(C)]
#[derive(bytemuck::NoUninit, Clone, Copy)]
struct PushConstants {
    screen_size: [f32; 2],
    cell_size: [f32; 2],
    world_size: [i32; 2],
    cam_pos: [i32; 2],
    ambient: [f32; 3],
    is_ui: u32,
    light_count: u32,
}

pub struct VulkanRenderer {
    grid_w: usize,
    grid_h: usize,

    entry: ash::Entry,
    instance: ash::Instance,
    surface: vk::SurfaceKHR,
    physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
    device: ash::Device,
    graphics_queue: vk::Queue,

    swapchain_loader: ash::khr::swapchain::Device,
    swapchain: vk::SwapchainKHR,
    swapchain_image_views: Vec<vk::ImageView>,
    swapchain_extent: vk::Extent2D,
    present_mode: vk::PresentModeKHR,

    render_pass: vk::RenderPass,
    pipeline: vk::Pipeline,
    pipeline_layout: vk::PipelineLayout,
    framebuffers: Vec<vk::Framebuffer>,

    command_pool: vk::CommandPool,
    command_buffers: Vec<vk::CommandBuffer>,

    image_available: Vec<vk::Semaphore>,
    render_finished: Vec<vk::Semaphore>,
    in_flight: Vec<vk::Fence>,
    frame_index: usize,

    vertex_buffer: vk::Buffer,
    vertex_memory: vk::DeviceMemory,
    index_buffer: vk::Buffer,
    index_memory: vk::DeviceMemory,

    atlas_image: vk::Image,
    atlas_memory: vk::DeviceMemory,
    atlas_view: vk::ImageView,
    atlas_sampler: vk::Sampler,
    atlas_map: [(f32, f32, f32, f32); 128],

    instance_buffer: vk::Buffer,
    instance_memory: vk::DeviceMemory,
    instance_ptr: *mut CellInstance,
    instance_count: usize,

    ui_instance_buffer: vk::Buffer,
    ui_instance_memory: vk::DeviceMemory,
    ui_instance_ptr: *mut CellInstance,
    ui_instance_capacity: usize,

    grid_buffer: vk::Buffer,
    grid_memory: vk::DeviceMemory,
    grid_ptr: *mut u32,

    light_buffer: vk::Buffer,
    light_memory: vk::DeviceMemory,
    light_ptr: *mut GpuLightSource,

    ent_pri_buf: Vec<u8>,
    entity_char_buf: Vec<char>,
    entity_color_buf: Vec<[u8; 4]>,
    item_char_buf: Vec<char>,
    item_color_buf: Vec<[u8; 4]>,
    shadow_buf: Vec<bool>,

    descriptor_pool: vk::DescriptorPool,
    descriptor_set: vk::DescriptorSet,
    descriptor_set_layout: vk::DescriptorSetLayout,
    window: Arc<winit::window::Window>,
}

impl VulkanRenderer {
    pub fn new(window: Arc<winit::window::Window>) -> Result<Self, String> {
        let grid_w = 160usize;
        let grid_h = 50usize;
        let pixel_w = (grid_w as u32) * CHAR_W;
        let pixel_h = (grid_h as u32) * CHAR_H;

        let entry = unsafe { ash::Entry::load().map_err(|e| format!("Vulkan load: {e}"))? };

        // Get required instance extensions from the window's display handle (platform-agnostic)
        use raw_window_handle::HasDisplayHandle;
        let dh = window
            .display_handle()
            .map_err(|e| format!("display_handle: {e}"))?;
        let required_exts = ash_window::enumerate_required_extensions(dh.as_raw())
            .map_err(|e| format!("enumerate_required_extensions: {e:?}"))?;

        let instance = create_instance(&entry, required_exts)?;
        let surface = create_surface(&entry, &instance, &window)?;

        let surface_loader = ash::khr::surface::Instance::new(&entry, &instance);
        let (physical_device, queue_family) =
            pick_physical_device(&instance, &surface_loader, surface)?;
        let (device, graphics_queue) = create_device(&instance, physical_device, queue_family)?;

        let swapchain_loader = ash::khr::swapchain::Device::new(&instance, &device);
        let (swapchain, swapchain_images, swapchain_format, swapchain_extent, present_mode) =
            create_swapchain(
                &device,
                &swapchain_loader,
                &surface_loader,
                physical_device,
                surface,
                queue_family,
                pixel_w,
                pixel_h,
            )?;

        let swapchain_image_views: Vec<_> = swapchain_images
            .iter()
            .map(|&img| create_image_view(&device, img, swapchain_format))
            .collect();

        let render_pass = create_render_pass(&device, swapchain_format)?;
        let (descriptor_set_layout, descriptor_pool, descriptor_set) = create_descriptor(&device)?;
        let (pipeline_layout, pipeline) =
            create_pipeline(&device, render_pass, descriptor_set_layout)?;
        let framebuffers: Vec<_> = swapchain_image_views
            .iter()
            .map(|&view| create_framebuffer(&device, render_pass, view, swapchain_extent))
            .collect();
        let command_pool = create_command_pool(&device, queue_family)?;
        let command_buffers = create_command_buffers(&device, command_pool, framebuffers.len())?;
        let (image_available, render_finished, in_flight) = create_sync(&device)?;

        let (vertex_buffer, vertex_memory, index_buffer, index_memory) =
            create_vertex_index_buffers(&device, &instance, physical_device)?;

        let (atlas_image, atlas_memory, atlas_view, atlas_sampler, atlas_map) =
            create_atlas_texture(
                &device,
                &instance,
                physical_device,
                &graphics_queue,
                command_pool,
            )?;

        let instance_count = grid_w * grid_h;
        let (instance_buffer, instance_memory, instance_ptr) =
            create_instance_buffer(&device, &instance, physical_device, instance_count)?;

        let ui_instance_capacity = 65536usize;
        let (ui_instance_buffer, ui_instance_memory, ui_instance_ptr) =
            create_instance_buffer(&device, &instance, physical_device, ui_instance_capacity)?;

        let grid_data = vec![0u32; WORLD_W * WORLD_H];
        let (grid_buffer, grid_memory) = create_buffer_with_data(
            &device,
            &instance,
            physical_device,
            &grid_data,
            vk::BufferUsageFlags::STORAGE_BUFFER,
        )?;
        let grid_ptr = unsafe {
            let sz = (WORLD_W * WORLD_H * std::mem::size_of::<u32>()) as vk::DeviceSize;
            let ptr = device
                .map_memory(grid_memory, 0, sz, vk::MemoryMapFlags::default())
                .map_err(|e| format!("map grid: {e:?}"))?;
            ptr as *mut u32
        };

        let light_data = vec![GpuLightSource::default(); MAX_LIGHT_SOURCES];
        let light_buffer_size =
            (MAX_LIGHT_SOURCES * std::mem::size_of::<GpuLightSource>()) as vk::DeviceSize;
        let (light_buffer, light_memory) = create_buffer_with_data(
            &device,
            &instance,
            physical_device,
            &light_data,
            vk::BufferUsageFlags::STORAGE_BUFFER,
        )?;
        let light_ptr = unsafe {
            let ptr = device
                .map_memory(
                    light_memory,
                    0,
                    light_buffer_size,
                    vk::MemoryMapFlags::default(),
                )
                .map_err(|e| format!("map light: {e:?}"))?;
            ptr as *mut GpuLightSource
        };

        update_descriptor_set(
            &device,
            descriptor_set,
            atlas_view,
            atlas_sampler,
            grid_buffer,
            light_buffer,
        );

        Ok(Self {
            grid_w,
            grid_h,
            entry,
            instance,
            surface,
            physical_device,
            device,
            graphics_queue,
            swapchain_loader,
            swapchain,
            swapchain_image_views,
            swapchain_extent,
            present_mode,
            render_pass,
            pipeline,
            pipeline_layout,
            framebuffers,
            command_pool,
            command_buffers,
            image_available,
            render_finished,
            in_flight,
            frame_index: 0,
            vertex_buffer,
            vertex_memory,
            index_buffer,
            index_memory,
            atlas_image,
            atlas_memory,
            atlas_view,
            atlas_sampler,
            atlas_map,
            instance_buffer,
            instance_memory,
            instance_ptr,
            instance_count,

            ui_instance_buffer,
            ui_instance_memory,
            ui_instance_ptr,
            ui_instance_capacity,

            grid_buffer,
            grid_memory,
            grid_ptr,

            light_buffer,
            light_memory,
            light_ptr,

            ent_pri_buf: Vec::new(),
            entity_char_buf: Vec::new(),
            entity_color_buf: Vec::new(),
            item_char_buf: Vec::new(),
            item_color_buf: Vec::new(),
            shadow_buf: Vec::new(),

            descriptor_pool,
            descriptor_set,
            descriptor_set_layout,
            window,
        })
    }

    pub fn render(
        &mut self,
        grid: &Grid,
        entities: &EntityManager,
        items: &crate::entity::item::ItemManager,
        ui: &crate::ui::UiLayer,
        cam_x: i32,
        cam_y: i32,
        _lighting: Option<&lighting::LightGrid>,
    ) {
        self.check_resize();

        let vp_size = self.grid_w * self.grid_h;
        if self.ent_pri_buf.len() != vp_size {
            self.ent_pri_buf.resize(vp_size, 0);
            self.entity_char_buf.resize(vp_size, '\0');
            self.entity_color_buf.resize(vp_size, [0, 0, 0, 0]);
            self.item_char_buf.resize(vp_size, '\0');
            self.item_color_buf.resize(vp_size, [0, 0, 0, 0]);
            self.shadow_buf.resize(vp_size, false);
        }
        self.ent_pri_buf.fill(0);
        self.entity_char_buf.fill('\0');
        self.entity_color_buf.fill([0, 0, 0, 0]);
        self.item_char_buf.fill('\0');
        self.item_color_buf.fill([0, 0, 0, 0]);
        self.shadow_buf.fill(false);

        let ent_pri = &mut self.ent_pri_buf;
        let entity_char = &mut self.entity_char_buf;
        let entity_color = &mut self.entity_color_buf;
        let item_char = &mut self.item_char_buf;
        let item_color = &mut self.item_color_buf;

        for item in items.all() {
            let sx = item.x - cam_x;
            let sy = item.y - cam_y;
            if sx >= 0 && sx < self.grid_w as i32 && sy >= 0 && sy < self.grid_h as i32 {
                let idx = sy as usize * self.grid_w + sx as usize;
                item_char[idx] = item.display_char();
                item_color[idx] = [item.color()[0], item.color()[1], item.color()[2], 255];
            }
        }
        for e in entities.all() {
            for b in &e.bodies {
                if !b.alive {
                    continue;
                }
                let sx = b.x as i32 - cam_x;
                let sy = b.y as i32 - cam_y;
                if sx >= 0 && sx < self.grid_w as i32 && sy >= 0 && sy < self.grid_h as i32 {
                    let idx = sy as usize * self.grid_w + sx as usize;
                    let ch = match e.kind {
                        EntityKind::Player if e.alive => '@',
                        EntityKind::Goblin if e.alive => 'g',
                        EntityKind::Slime if e.alive => 's',
                        _ => '%',
                    };
                    let fg = if e.on_fire {
                        [255, 160, 40, 255]
                    } else {
                        b.color
                    };
                    let pri = entity_priority(e.kind);
                    if pri as u8 > ent_pri[idx] {
                        ent_pri[idx] = pri as u8;
                        entity_char[idx] = ch;
                        entity_color[idx] = fg;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        let shadow_buf = &mut self.shadow_buf;
        for idx in 0..vp_size {
            if ent_pri[idx] == 0 {
                continue;
            }
            let ex = idx % self.grid_w;
            let ey = idx / self.grid_w;
            for dy in -1i32..=1 {
                for dx in -1i32..=1 {
                    if dx == 0 && dy == 0 {
                        continue;
                    }
                    let sx = ex as i32 + dx;
                    let sy = ey as i32 + dy;
                    if sx < 0 || sx >= self.grid_w as i32 || sy < 0 || sy >= self.grid_h as i32 {
                        continue;
                    }
                    let sidx = sy as usize * self.grid_w + sx as usize;
                    if ent_pri[sidx] > 0 {
                        continue;
                    }
                    let wx = cam_x + sx;
                    let wy = cam_y + sy;
                    if !grid.in_bounds(wx, wy) || grid.get(wx, wy).is_empty() {
                        shadow_buf[sidx] = true;
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        unsafe {
            let margin = 30i32;
            let x_min = (cam_x - margin).max(0) as usize;
            let x_max = (cam_x + self.grid_w as i32 + margin).min(WORLD_W as i32) as usize;
            let y_min = (cam_y - margin).max(0) as usize;
            let y_max = (cam_y + self.grid_h as i32 + margin).min(WORLD_H as i32) as usize;
            for y in y_min..y_max {
                let row_offset = y * WORLD_W;
                for x in x_min..x_max {
                    let i = row_offset + x;
                    *self.grid_ptr.add(i) = grid.cells[i].material as u32;
                }
            }
        }

        let sources =
            lighting::gather_sources_in_range(grid, cam_x, cam_y, self.grid_w, self.grid_h, 30);
        let light_count = sources.len().min(MAX_LIGHT_SOURCES) as u32;
        unsafe {
            let light_slice = std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(self.light_ptr, MAX_LIGHT_SOURCES);
            for (i, src) in sources.iter().take(MAX_LIGHT_SOURCES).enumerate() {
                light_slice[i] = GpuLightSource {
                    pos: [src.x as f32, src.y as f32],
                    radius: src.radius as f32,
                    _pad0: 0.0,
                    color: [
                        src.color[0] as f32 / 255.0,
                        src.color[1] as f32 / 255.0,
                        src.color[2] as f32 / 255.0,
                    ],
                    _pad1: 0.0,
                };
            }
        }

        let instances =
            unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(self.instance_ptr, self.instance_count) };

        let gh = self.grid_h as i32;
        for dy in 0..self.grid_h {
            for dx in 0..self.grid_w {
                let idx = dy * self.grid_w + dx;
                let wx = cam_x + dx as i32;
                let wy = cam_y + dy as i32;

                let bg = background_color(wx, wy, dy as i32, gh);

                let (ch, fg, bg) = if ent_pri[idx] > 0 {
                    (entity_char[idx], entity_color[idx], bg)
                } else if item_char[idx] != '\0' {
                    (item_char[idx], item_color[idx], bg)
                } else if shadow_buf[idx] {
                    (' ', [0, 0, 0, 255], bg)
                } else if !grid.in_bounds(wx, wy) {
                    ('?', [80, 80, 80, 255], bg)
                } else {
                    let cell = grid.get(wx, wy);
                    if cell.is_empty() {
                        (' ', bg, bg)
                    } else {
                        let fg = if cell.material == MaterialId::Lava {
                            let r = 200u8.saturating_add(cell.variant / 2);
                            [r, 60, 20, 255]
                        } else {
                            [cell.fg[0], cell.fg[1], cell.fg[2], 255]
                        };
                        let bg = [cell.bg[0], cell.bg[1], cell.bg[2], 255];
                        (cell.material.display_char(), fg, bg)
                    }
                };

                let (au, av, aw, ah) = self.atlas_map[(ch as usize) & 127];
                instances[idx] = CellInstance {
                    grid_x: dx as f32,
                    grid_y: dy as f32,
                    atlas_u: au,
                    atlas_v: av,
                    atlas_w: aw,
                    atlas_h: ah,
                    fg,
                    bg,
                };
            }
        }

        let ui_instances = unsafe {
            std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(self.ui_instance_ptr, self.ui_instance_capacity)
        };
        let mut ui_count = 0usize;
        for (x, y) in ui.keys() {
            if ui_count >= self.ui_instance_capacity {
                break;
            }
            let cell = ui.get(*x, *y).unwrap();
            let (au, av, aw, ah) = self.atlas_map[(cell.ch as usize) & 127];
            ui_instances[ui_count] = CellInstance {
                grid_x: *x as f32,
                grid_y: *y as f32,
                atlas_u: au,
                atlas_v: av,
                atlas_w: aw,
                atlas_h: ah,
                fg: [cell.fg[0], cell.fg[1], cell.fg[2], cell.alpha],
                bg: [cell.bg[0], cell.bg[1], cell.bg[2], cell.alpha],
            };
            ui_count += 1;
        }

        let frame = self.frame_index;
        let device = &self.device;

        unsafe {
            let _ = device.wait_for_fences(&[self.in_flight[frame]], true, u64::MAX);
            let _ = device.reset_fences(&[self.in_flight[frame]]);

            let image_index = match self.swapchain_loader.acquire_next_image(
                self.swapchain,
                u64::MAX,
                self.image_available[frame],
                vk::Fence::null(),
            ) {
                Ok((idx, _)) => idx as usize,
                Err(e) => {
                    eprintln!("acquire: {e:?}");
                    return;
                }
            };

            let cmd = self.command_buffers[frame];
            let _ = device.reset_command_buffer(cmd, vk::CommandBufferResetFlags::default());
            let _ = device.begin_command_buffer(cmd, &vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo::default());

            let clear = vk::ClearValue {
                color: vk::ClearColorValue {
                    float32: [10.0 / 255.0, 10.0 / 255.0, 15.0 / 255.0, 1.0],
                },
            };
            let rp_info = vk::RenderPassBeginInfo::default()
                .render_pass(self.render_pass)
                .framebuffer(self.framebuffers[image_index])
                .render_area(vk::Rect2D {
                    offset: vk::Offset2D::default(),
                    extent: self.swapchain_extent,
                })
                .clear_values(std::slice::from_ref(&clear));

            device.cmd_begin_render_pass(cmd, &rp_info, vk::SubpassContents::INLINE);
            device.cmd_bind_pipeline(cmd, vk::PipelineBindPoint::GRAPHICS, self.pipeline);

            let viewport = vk::Viewport {
                x: 0.0,
                y: 0.0,
                width: self.swapchain_extent.width as f32,
                height: self.swapchain_extent.height as f32,
                min_depth: 0.0,
                max_depth: 1.0,
            };
            let scissor = vk::Rect2D {
                offset: vk::Offset2D::default(),
                extent: self.swapchain_extent,
            };
            device.cmd_set_viewport(cmd, 0, std::slice::from_ref(&viewport));
            device.cmd_set_scissor(cmd, 0, std::slice::from_ref(&scissor));

            device.cmd_bind_vertex_buffers(
                cmd,
                0,
                &[self.vertex_buffer, self.instance_buffer],
                &[0, 0],
            );
            device.cmd_bind_index_buffer(cmd, self.index_buffer, 0, vk::IndexType::UINT16);
            device.cmd_bind_descriptor_sets(
                cmd,
                vk::PipelineBindPoint::GRAPHICS,
                self.pipeline_layout,
                0,
                &[self.descriptor_set],
                &[],
            );

            let ambient = lighting::ambient_light();
            let pc = PushConstants {
                screen_size: [
                    self.swapchain_extent.width as f32,
                    self.swapchain_extent.height as f32,
                ],
                cell_size: [CHAR_W as f32, CHAR_H as f32],
                world_size: [WORLD_W as i32, WORLD_H as i32],
                cam_pos: [cam_x, cam_y],
                ambient: [
                    ambient[0] as f32 / 255.0,
                    ambient[1] as f32 / 255.0,
                    ambient[2] as f32 / 255.0,
                ],
                is_ui: 0,
                light_count,
            };
            device.cmd_push_constants(
                cmd,
                self.pipeline_layout,
                vk::ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX,
                0,
                bytemuck::bytes_of(&pc),
            );

            device.cmd_draw_indexed(cmd, 6, self.instance_count as u32, 0, 0, 0);

            if ui_count > 0 {
                device.cmd_bind_vertex_buffers(
                    cmd,
                    0,
                    &[self.vertex_buffer, self.ui_instance_buffer],
                    &[0, 0],
                );
                let ui_pc = PushConstants {
                    screen_size: [
                        self.swapchain_extent.width as f32,
                        self.swapchain_extent.height as f32,
                    ],
                    cell_size: [UI_CELL_SIZE as f32, UI_CELL_SIZE as f32],
                    world_size: [WORLD_W as i32, WORLD_H as i32],
                    cam_pos: [0, 0],
                    ambient: [0.0, 0.0, 0.0],
                    is_ui: 1,
                    light_count: 0,
                };
                device.cmd_push_constants(
                    cmd,
                    self.pipeline_layout,
                    vk::ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX,
                    0,
                    bytemuck::bytes_of(&ui_pc),
                );
                device.cmd_draw_indexed(cmd, 6, ui_count as u32, 0, 0, 0);
            }

            device.cmd_end_render_pass(cmd);
            let _ = device.end_command_buffer(cmd);

            let wait_stages = [vk::PipelineStageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT];
            let submit_info = vk::SubmitInfo::default()
                .wait_semaphores(std::slice::from_ref(&self.image_available[frame]))
                .wait_dst_stage_mask(&wait_stages)
                .command_buffers(std::slice::from_ref(&cmd))
                .signal_semaphores(std::slice::from_ref(&self.render_finished[frame]));
            let _ = device.queue_submit(
                self.graphics_queue,
                std::slice::from_ref(&submit_info),
                self.in_flight[frame],
            );

            let img_idx = image_index as u32;
            let present_info = vk::PresentInfoKHR::default()
                .wait_semaphores(std::slice::from_ref(&self.render_finished[frame]))
                .swapchains(std::slice::from_ref(&self.swapchain))
                .image_indices(std::slice::from_ref(&img_idx));
            let _ = self
                .swapchain_loader
                .queue_present(self.graphics_queue, &present_info);
        }

        self.frame_index = (self.frame_index + 1) % MAX_FRAMES;
    }

    pub fn grid_w(&self) -> usize {
        self.grid_w
    }
    pub fn grid_h(&self) -> usize {
        self.grid_h
    }

    fn check_resize(&mut self) {
        let sl = ash::khr::surface::Instance::new(&self.entry, &self.instance);
        let caps = match unsafe {
            sl.get_physical_device_surface_capabilities(self.physical_device, self.surface)
        } {
            Ok(c) => c,
            Err(_) => return,
        };

        let new_extent = if caps.current_extent.width != u32::MAX {
            caps.current_extent
        } else {
            // Wayland: surface extent is undefined, use window inner size
            let inner = self.window.inner_size();
            vk::Extent2D {
                width: inner.width.max(1),
                height: inner.height.max(1),
            }
        };

        if new_extent.width == self.swapchain_extent.width
            && new_extent.height == self.swapchain_extent.height
        {
            return;
        }

        if new_extent.width == 0 || new_extent.height == 0 {
            return;
        }

        unsafe {
            let _ = self.device.device_wait_idle();
        }

        for &fb in &self.framebuffers {
            unsafe {
                self.device.destroy_framebuffer(fb, None);
            }
        }
        for &v in &self.swapchain_image_views {
            unsafe {
                self.device.destroy_image_view(v, None);
            }
        }

        let sci = vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR::default()
            .surface(self.surface)
            .min_image_count(caps.min_image_count.max(2))
            .image_format(vk::Format::B8G8R8A8_UNORM)
            .image_color_space(vk::ColorSpaceKHR::SRGB_NONLINEAR)
            .image_extent(new_extent)
            .image_array_layers(1)
            .image_usage(vk::ImageUsageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT)
            .image_sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE)
            .pre_transform(caps.current_transform)
            .composite_alpha(vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR::OPAQUE)
            .present_mode(self.present_mode)
            .clipped(true)
            .old_swapchain(self.swapchain);

        let new_swapchain = match unsafe { self.swapchain_loader.create_swapchain(&sci, None) } {
            Ok(s) => s,
            Err(_) => return,
        };

        let new_images = match unsafe { self.swapchain_loader.get_swapchain_images(new_swapchain) }
        {
            Ok(i) => i,
            Err(_) => return,
        };

        let new_views: Vec<_> = new_images
            .iter()
            .map(|&img| {
                let vi = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo::default()
                    .image(img)
                    .view_type(vk::ImageViewType::TYPE_2D)
                    .format(vk::Format::B8G8R8A8_UNORM)
                    .subresource_range(vk::ImageSubresourceRange {
                        aspect_mask: vk::ImageAspectFlags::COLOR,
                        base_mip_level: 0,
                        level_count: 1,
                        base_array_layer: 0,
                        layer_count: 1,
                    });
                unsafe {
                    self.device
                        .create_image_view(&vi, None)
                        .expect("image_view")
                }
            })
            .collect();

        let new_framebuffers: Vec<_> = new_views
            .iter()
            .map(|&view| {
                let fci = vk::FramebufferCreateInfo::default()
                    .render_pass(self.render_pass)
                    .attachments(std::slice::from_ref(&view))
                    .width(new_extent.width)
                    .height(new_extent.height)
                    .layers(1);
                unsafe { self.device.create_framebuffer(&fci, None).expect("fb") }
            })
            .collect();

        unsafe {
            self.device
                .free_command_buffers(self.command_pool, &self.command_buffers);
        }
        let cai = vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo::default()
            .command_pool(self.command_pool)
            .level(vk::CommandBufferLevel::PRIMARY)
            .command_buffer_count(new_framebuffers.len() as u32);
        let new_cmd_bufs = unsafe {
            self.device
                .allocate_command_buffers(&cai)
                .expect("cmd_bufs")
        };

        let new_grid_w = (new_extent.width / CHAR_W) as usize;
        let new_grid_h = (new_extent.height / CHAR_H) as usize;
        let new_count = new_grid_w * new_grid_h;

        if new_count != self.instance_count {
            unsafe {
                self.device.unmap_memory(self.instance_memory);
                self.device.destroy_buffer(self.instance_buffer, None);
                self.device.free_memory(self.instance_memory, None);
            }

            let inst_sz = (new_count * std::mem::size_of::<CellInstance>()) as vk::DeviceSize;
            let ibi = vk::BufferCreateInfo::default()
                .size(inst_sz)
                .usage(vk::BufferUsageFlags::VERTEX_BUFFER)
                .sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE);
            self.instance_buffer =
                unsafe { self.device.create_buffer(&ibi, None) }.expect("inst buf");
            let ireq = unsafe {
                self.device
                    .get_buffer_memory_requirements(self.instance_buffer)
            };

            let find_mem = |filter: u32, props: vk::MemoryPropertyFlags| -> u32 {
                let mp = unsafe {
                    self.instance
                        .get_physical_device_memory_properties(self.physical_device)
                };
                for (i, mt) in mp.memory_types.iter().enumerate() {
                    if (filter & (1 << i)) != 0 && mt.property_flags.contains(props) {
                        return i as u32;
                    }
                }
                0
            };
            let imt = find_mem(
                ireq.memory_type_bits,
                vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_VISIBLE | vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_COHERENT,
            );
            self.instance_memory = unsafe {
                self.device.allocate_memory(
                    &vk::MemoryAllocateInfo::default()
                        .allocation_size(ireq.size)
                        .memory_type_index(imt),
                    None,
                )
            }
            .expect("inst mem");
            self.instance_ptr = unsafe {
                self.device
                    .bind_buffer_memory(self.instance_buffer, self.instance_memory, 0)
                    .expect("bind");
                let ptr = self
                    .device
                    .map_memory(
                        self.instance_memory,
                        0,
                        inst_sz,
                        vk::MemoryMapFlags::default(),
                    )
                    .expect("map");
                ptr as *mut CellInstance
            };
            self.instance_count = new_count;
        }

        unsafe {
            self.swapchain_loader
                .destroy_swapchain(self.swapchain, None);
        }

        self.swapchain = new_swapchain;
        self.swapchain_image_views = new_views;
        self.framebuffers = new_framebuffers;
        self.command_buffers = new_cmd_bufs;
        self.swapchain_extent = new_extent;
        self.grid_w = new_grid_w;
        self.grid_h = new_grid_h;
    }
}

impl Drop for VulkanRenderer {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe {
            let _ = self.device.device_wait_idle();
            for &f in &self.in_flight {
                self.device.destroy_fence(f, None);
            }
            for &s in &self.image_available {
                self.device.destroy_semaphore(s, None);
            }
            for &s in &self.render_finished {
                self.device.destroy_semaphore(s, None);
            }
            self.device.destroy_command_pool(self.command_pool, None);
            for &fb in &self.framebuffers {
                self.device.destroy_framebuffer(fb, None);
            }
            self.device.destroy_pipeline(self.pipeline, None);
            self.device
                .destroy_pipeline_layout(self.pipeline_layout, None);
            self.device.destroy_render_pass(self.render_pass, None);
            self.device.destroy_sampler(self.atlas_sampler, None);
            self.device.destroy_image_view(self.atlas_view, None);
            self.device.destroy_image(self.atlas_image, None);
            self.device.free_memory(self.atlas_memory, None);
            self.device.destroy_buffer(self.instance_buffer, None);
            self.device.free_memory(self.instance_memory, None);
            self.device.destroy_buffer(self.ui_instance_buffer, None);
            self.device.free_memory(self.ui_instance_memory, None);
            self.device.destroy_buffer(self.grid_buffer, None);
            self.device.free_memory(self.grid_memory, None);
            self.device.destroy_buffer(self.light_buffer, None);
            self.device.free_memory(self.light_memory, None);
            self.device.destroy_buffer(self.vertex_buffer, None);
            self.device.free_memory(self.vertex_memory, None);
            self.device.destroy_buffer(self.index_buffer, None);
            self.device.free_memory(self.index_memory, None);
            self.device
                .destroy_descriptor_pool(self.descriptor_pool, None);
            self.device
                .destroy_descriptor_set_layout(self.descriptor_set_layout, None);
            for &v in &self.swapchain_image_views {
                self.device.destroy_image_view(v, None);
            }
            self.swapchain_loader
                .destroy_swapchain(self.swapchain, None);
            let sl = ash::khr::surface::Instance::new(&self.entry, &self.instance);
            sl.destroy_surface(self.surface, None);
            self.device.destroy_device(None);
            self.instance.destroy_instance(None);
        }
    }
}

fn create_instance(
    entry: &ash::Entry,
    required_exts: &'static [*const std::ffi::c_char],
) -> Result<ash::Instance, String> {
    let app_name = CString::new("Verbatim").unwrap();
    let app_info = vk::ApplicationInfo::default()
        .application_name(&app_name)
        .api_version(vk::API_VERSION_1_2);

    // Start with platform-required extensions (from ash_window)
    let mut ext_ptrs: Vec<*const i8> = required_exts.iter().map(|&p| p as *const i8).collect();

    // Add debug utils extension if available
    let avail_exts =
        unsafe { entry.enumerate_instance_extension_properties(None) }.unwrap_or_default();
    let has_debug_utils = avail_exts.iter().any(|e| {
        let name = unsafe { std::ffi::CStr::from_ptr(e.extension_name.as_ptr() as *const i8) };
        name.to_str().unwrap_or("") == "VK_EXT_debug_utils"
    });
    if has_debug_utils {
        ext_ptrs.push(b"VK_EXT_debug_utils\0".as_ptr() as *const i8);
    }

    let create_info = vk::InstanceCreateInfo::default()
        .application_info(&app_info)
        .enabled_extension_names(&ext_ptrs);
    unsafe {
        entry
            .create_instance(&create_info, None)
            .map_err(|e| format!("instance: {e:?}"))
    }
}

fn create_surface(
    entry: &ash::Entry,
    instance: &ash::Instance,
    window: &winit::window::Window,
) -> Result<vk::SurfaceKHR, String> {
    use raw_window_handle::{HasDisplayHandle, HasWindowHandle};
    let wh = window.window_handle().map_err(|e| format!("wh: {e}"))?;
    let dh = window.display_handle().map_err(|e| format!("dh: {e}"))?;
    let wh_raw = wh.as_raw();
    let dh_raw = dh.as_raw();
    unsafe {
        ash_window::create_surface(entry, instance, dh_raw, wh_raw, None)
            .map_err(|e| format!("surface: {e:?}"))
    }
}

fn pick_physical_device(
    instance: &ash::Instance,
    sl: &ash::khr::surface::Instance,
    surface: vk::SurfaceKHR,
) -> Result<(vk::PhysicalDevice, u32), String> {
    let devices = unsafe {
        instance
            .enumerate_physical_devices()
            .map_err(|e| format!("enum: {e:?}"))?
    };
    for &pd in &devices {
        let props = unsafe { instance.get_physical_device_properties(pd) };
        if props.device_type == vk::PhysicalDeviceType::CPU {
            continue;
        }
        let qfs = unsafe { instance.get_physical_device_queue_family_properties(pd) };
        for (i, qf) in qfs.iter().enumerate() {
            if qf.queue_flags.contains(vk::QueueFlags::GRAPHICS) {
                let ok = unsafe { sl.get_physical_device_surface_support(pd, i as u32, surface) }
                    .unwrap_or(false);
                if ok {
                    return Ok((pd, i as u32));
                }
            }
        }
    }
    Err("No GPU".to_string())
}

fn create_device(
    instance: &ash::Instance,
    pd: vk::PhysicalDevice,
    qf: u32,
) -> Result<(ash::Device, vk::Queue), String> {
    let qp = [1.0f32];
    let qi = vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo::default()
        .queue_family_index(qf)
        .queue_priorities(&qp);
    let ext_names: Vec<CString> = vec![CString::new("VK_KHR_swapchain").unwrap()];
    let ext_ptrs: Vec<*const i8> = ext_names.iter().map(|n| n.as_ptr()).collect();
    let ci = vk::DeviceCreateInfo::default()
        .queue_create_infos(std::slice::from_ref(&qi))
        .enabled_extension_names(&ext_ptrs);
    unsafe {
        let device = instance
            .create_device(pd, &ci, None)
            .map_err(|e| format!("device: {e:?}"))?;
        let queue = device.get_device_queue(qf, 0);
        Ok((device, queue))
    }
}

fn create_swapchain(
    _device: &ash::Device,
    sl: &ash::khr::swapchain::Device,
    surface_loader: &ash::khr::surface::Instance,
    pd: vk::PhysicalDevice,
    surface: vk::SurfaceKHR,
    qf: u32,
    pw: u32,
    ph: u32,
) -> Result<
    (
        vk::SwapchainKHR,
        Vec<vk::Image>,
        vk::Format,
        vk::Extent2D,
        vk::PresentModeKHR,
    ),
    String,
> {
    let caps = unsafe { surface_loader.get_physical_device_surface_capabilities(pd, surface) }
        .map_err(|e| format!("caps: {e:?}"))?;
    let present_modes =
        unsafe { surface_loader.get_physical_device_surface_present_modes(pd, surface) }
            .unwrap_or_default();
    let present_mode = present_modes
        .iter()
        .copied()
        .find(|&m| m == vk::PresentModeKHR::MAILBOX)
        .unwrap_or(vk::PresentModeKHR::FIFO);
    let format = vk::SurfaceFormatKHR {
        format: vk::Format::B8G8R8A8_UNORM,
        color_space: vk::ColorSpaceKHR::SRGB_NONLINEAR,
    };
    let extent = if caps.current_extent.width != u32::MAX {
        caps.current_extent
    } else {
        vk::Extent2D {
            width: pw,
            height: ph,
        }
    };
    let ic = caps.min_image_count.max(2);
    let qf_slice = [qf];
    let ci = vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR::default()
        .surface(surface)
        .min_image_count(ic)
        .image_format(format.format)
        .image_color_space(format.color_space)
        .image_extent(extent)
        .image_array_layers(1)
        .image_usage(vk::ImageUsageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT)
        .image_sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE)
        .queue_family_indices(&qf_slice)
        .pre_transform(caps.current_transform)
        .composite_alpha(vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR::OPAQUE)
        .present_mode(present_mode)
        .clipped(true);
    let swapchain =
        unsafe { sl.create_swapchain(&ci, None) }.map_err(|e| format!("swapchain: {e:?}"))?;
    let images =
        unsafe { sl.get_swapchain_images(swapchain) }.map_err(|e| format!("images: {e:?}"))?;
    Ok((swapchain, images, format.format, extent, present_mode))
}

fn create_image_view(device: &ash::Device, image: vk::Image, format: vk::Format) -> vk::ImageView {
    let ci = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo::default()
        .image(image)
        .view_type(vk::ImageViewType::TYPE_2D)
        .format(format)
        .subresource_range(vk::ImageSubresourceRange {
            aspect_mask: vk::ImageAspectFlags::COLOR,
            base_mip_level: 0,
            level_count: 1,
            base_array_layer: 0,
            layer_count: 1,
        });
    unsafe { device.create_image_view(&ci, None).expect("image_view") }
}

fn create_render_pass(device: &ash::Device, format: vk::Format) -> Result<vk::RenderPass, String> {
    let att = vk::AttachmentDescription::default()
        .format(format)
        .samples(vk::SampleCountFlags::TYPE_1)
        .load_op(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::CLEAR)
        .store_op(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::STORE)
        .initial_layout(vk::ImageLayout::UNDEFINED)
        .final_layout(vk::ImageLayout::PRESENT_SRC_KHR);
    let att_ref = vk::AttachmentReference::default()
        .attachment(0)
        .layout(vk::ImageLayout::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL);
    let subpass = vk::SubpassDescription::default()
        .pipeline_bind_point(vk::PipelineBindPoint::GRAPHICS)
        .color_attachments(std::slice::from_ref(&att_ref));
    let dep = vk::SubpassDependency::default()
        .src_subpass(vk::SUBPASS_EXTERNAL)
        .dst_subpass(0)
        .src_stage_mask(vk::PipelineStageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT)
        .dst_stage_mask(vk::PipelineStageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT)
        .dst_access_mask(vk::AccessFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE);
    let ci = vk::RenderPassCreateInfo::default()
        .attachments(std::slice::from_ref(&att))
        .subpasses(std::slice::from_ref(&subpass))
        .dependencies(std::slice::from_ref(&dep));
    unsafe {
        device
            .create_render_pass(&ci, None)
            .map_err(|e| format!("render_pass: {e:?}"))
    }
}

fn create_descriptor(
    device: &ash::Device,
) -> Result<
    (
        vk::DescriptorSetLayout,
        vk::DescriptorPool,
        vk::DescriptorSet,
    ),
    String,
> {
    let bindings = [
        vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding::default()
            .binding(0)
            .descriptor_type(vk::DescriptorType::COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER)
            .descriptor_count(1)
            .stage_flags(vk::ShaderStageFlags::FRAGMENT),
        vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding::default()
            .binding(1)
            .descriptor_type(vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER)
            .descriptor_count(1)
            .stage_flags(vk::ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX | vk::ShaderStageFlags::FRAGMENT),
        vk::DescriptorSetLayoutBinding::default()
            .binding(2)
            .descriptor_type(vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER)
            .descriptor_count(1)
            .stage_flags(vk::ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX),
    ];
    let li = vk::DescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo::default().bindings(&bindings);
    let layout = unsafe { device.create_descriptor_set_layout(&li, None) }
        .map_err(|e| format!("ds_layout: {e:?}"))?;
    let pool_sizes = [
        vk::DescriptorPoolSize {
            ty: vk::DescriptorType::COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
            descriptor_count: 1,
        },
        vk::DescriptorPoolSize {
            ty: vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER,
            descriptor_count: 2,
        },
    ];
    let pi = vk::DescriptorPoolCreateInfo::default()
        .pool_sizes(&pool_sizes)
        .max_sets(1);
    let pool = unsafe { device.create_descriptor_pool(&pi, None) }
        .map_err(|e| format!("ds_pool: {e:?}"))?;
    let ai = vk::DescriptorSetAllocateInfo::default()
        .descriptor_pool(pool)
        .set_layouts(std::slice::from_ref(&layout));
    let sets =
        unsafe { device.allocate_descriptor_sets(&ai) }.map_err(|e| format!("alloc_ds: {e:?}"))?;
    Ok((layout, pool, sets[0]))
}

fn create_pipeline(
    device: &ash::Device,
    rp: vk::RenderPass,
    ds_layout: vk::DescriptorSetLayout,
) -> Result<(vk::PipelineLayout, vk::Pipeline), String> {
    let vert_spv = include_bytes!("../../assets/shaders/cell_vert.spv");
    let frag_spv = include_bytes!("../../assets/shaders/cell_frag.spv");
    let vert_code: Vec<u32> = vert_spv
        .chunks_exact(4)
        .map(|c| u32::from_ne_bytes([c[0], c[1], c[2], c[3]]))
        .collect();
    let frag_code: Vec<u32> = frag_spv
        .chunks_exact(4)
        .map(|c| u32::from_ne_bytes([c[0], c[1], c[2], c[3]]))
        .collect();
    let vm = unsafe {
        device.create_shader_module(
            &vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo::default().code(&vert_code),
            None,
        )
    }
    .map_err(|e| format!("vert: {e:?}"))?;
    let fm = unsafe {
        device.create_shader_module(
            &vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo::default().code(&frag_code),
            None,
        )
    }
    .map_err(|e| format!("frag: {e:?}"))?;
    let main = CString::new("main").unwrap();
    let vs = vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo::default()
        .stage(vk::ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX)
        .module(vm)
        .name(&main);
    let fs = vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo::default()
        .stage(vk::ShaderStageFlags::FRAGMENT)
        .module(fm)
        .name(&main);

    let bindings = [
        vk::VertexInputBindingDescription {
            binding: 0,
            stride: 8,
            input_rate: vk::VertexInputRate::VERTEX,
        },
        vk::VertexInputBindingDescription {
            binding: 1,
            stride: std::mem::size_of::<CellInstance>() as u32,
            input_rate: vk::VertexInputRate::INSTANCE,
        },
    ];
    let attrs = [
        vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription {
            location: 0,
            binding: 0,
            format: vk::Format::R32G32_SFLOAT,
            offset: 0,
        },
        vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription {
            location: 1,
            binding: 1,
            format: vk::Format::R32G32_SFLOAT,
            offset: 0,
        },
        vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription {
            location: 2,
            binding: 1,
            format: vk::Format::R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT,
            offset: 8,
        },
        vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription {
            location: 3,
            binding: 1,
            format: vk::Format::R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
            offset: 24,
        },
        vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription {
            location: 4,
            binding: 1,
            format: vk::Format::R8G8B8A8_UNORM,
            offset: 28,
        },
    ];
    let vi = vk::PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo::default()
        .vertex_binding_descriptions(&bindings)
        .vertex_attribute_descriptions(&attrs);
    let ia = vk::PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo::default()
        .topology(vk::PrimitiveTopology::TRIANGLE_LIST);
    let dynamic_states = [vk::DynamicState::VIEWPORT, vk::DynamicState::SCISSOR];
    let dynamic_state =
        vk::PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo::default().dynamic_states(&dynamic_states);
    let vs_state = vk::PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo::default()
        .viewport_count(1)
        .scissor_count(1);
    let rs = vk::PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo::default()
        .line_width(1.0)
        .cull_mode(vk::CullModeFlags::NONE);
    let ms = vk::PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo::default()
        .rasterization_samples(vk::SampleCountFlags::TYPE_1);
    let cba = vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState::default()
        .blend_enable(true)
        .src_color_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::SRC_ALPHA)
        .dst_color_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
        .color_blend_op(vk::BlendOp::ADD)
        .src_alpha_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::ONE)
        .dst_alpha_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::ZERO)
        .alpha_blend_op(vk::BlendOp::ADD)
        .color_write_mask(vk::ColorComponentFlags::RGBA);
    let cb =
        vk::PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo::default().attachments(std::slice::from_ref(&cba));
    let pcr = vk::PushConstantRange {
        stage_flags: vk::ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX,
        offset: 0,
        size: std::mem::size_of::<PushConstants>() as u32,
    };
    let li = vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo::default()
        .set_layouts(std::slice::from_ref(&ds_layout))
        .push_constant_ranges(std::slice::from_ref(&pcr));
    let layout = unsafe { device.create_pipeline_layout(&li, None) }
        .map_err(|e| format!("pipeline_layout: {e:?}"))?;
    let stages = [vs, fs];
    let pi = vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo::default()
        .stages(&stages)
        .vertex_input_state(&vi)
        .input_assembly_state(&ia)
        .viewport_state(&vs_state)
        .rasterization_state(&rs)
        .multisample_state(&ms)
        .color_blend_state(&cb)
        .dynamic_state(&dynamic_state)
        .layout(layout)
        .render_pass(rp)
        .subpass(0);
    let pipes = unsafe {
        device.create_graphics_pipelines(vk::PipelineCache::null(), std::slice::from_ref(&pi), None)
    }
    .map_err(|(_, e)| format!("pipeline: {e:?}"))?;
    unsafe {
        device.destroy_shader_module(vm, None);
        device.destroy_shader_module(fm, None);
    }
    Ok((layout, pipes[0]))
}

fn create_framebuffer(
    device: &ash::Device,
    rp: vk::RenderPass,
    view: vk::ImageView,
    ext: vk::Extent2D,
) -> vk::Framebuffer {
    let ci = vk::FramebufferCreateInfo::default()
        .render_pass(rp)
        .attachments(std::slice::from_ref(&view))
        .width(ext.width)
        .height(ext.height)
        .layers(1);
    unsafe { device.create_framebuffer(&ci, None).expect("fb") }
}

fn create_command_pool(device: &ash::Device, qf: u32) -> Result<vk::CommandPool, String> {
    let ci = vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo::default()
        .queue_family_index(qf)
        .flags(vk::CommandPoolCreateFlags::RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER);
    unsafe {
        device
            .create_command_pool(&ci, None)
            .map_err(|e| format!("cmd_pool: {e:?}"))
    }
}

fn create_command_buffers(
    device: &ash::Device,
    pool: vk::CommandPool,
    count: usize,
) -> Result<Vec<vk::CommandBuffer>, String> {
    let ai = vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo::default()
        .command_pool(pool)
        .level(vk::CommandBufferLevel::PRIMARY)
        .command_buffer_count(count as u32);
    unsafe {
        device
            .allocate_command_buffers(&ai)
            .map_err(|e| format!("cmd_bufs: {e:?}"))
    }
}

fn create_sync(
    device: &ash::Device,
) -> Result<(Vec<vk::Semaphore>, Vec<vk::Semaphore>, Vec<vk::Fence>), String> {
    let mut ia = Vec::new();
    let mut rf = Vec::new();
    let mut ifl = Vec::new();
    for _ in 0..MAX_FRAMES {
        unsafe {
            ia.push(
                device
                    .create_semaphore(&vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo::default(), None)
                    .map_err(|e| format!("sem: {e:?}"))?,
            );
            rf.push(
                device
                    .create_semaphore(&vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo::default(), None)
                    .map_err(|e| format!("sem: {e:?}"))?,
            );
            ifl.push(
                device
                    .create_fence(
                        &vk::FenceCreateInfo::default().flags(vk::FenceCreateFlags::SIGNALED),
                        None,
                    )
                    .map_err(|e| format!("fence: {e:?}"))?,
            );
        }
    }
    Ok((ia, rf, ifl))
}

fn find_mem_type(
    instance: &ash::Instance,
    pd: vk::PhysicalDevice,
    filter: u32,
    props: vk::MemoryPropertyFlags,
) -> Result<u32, String> {
    let mp = unsafe { instance.get_physical_device_memory_properties(pd) };
    for (i, mt) in mp.memory_types.iter().enumerate() {
        if (filter & (1 << i)) != 0 && mt.property_flags.contains(props) {
            return Ok(i as u32);
        }
    }
    Err("No memory type".to_string())
}

fn create_buffer_with_data<T: Copy>(
    device: &ash::Device,
    instance: &ash::Instance,
    pd: vk::PhysicalDevice,
    data: &[T],
    usage: vk::BufferUsageFlags,
) -> Result<(vk::Buffer, vk::DeviceMemory), String> {
    let size = (data.len() * std::mem::size_of::<T>()) as vk::DeviceSize;
    let bi = vk::BufferCreateInfo::default()
        .size(size)
        .usage(usage)
        .sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE);
    let buf = unsafe { device.create_buffer(&bi, None) }.map_err(|e| format!("buf: {e:?}"))?;
    let req = unsafe { device.get_buffer_memory_requirements(buf) };
    let mt = find_mem_type(
        instance,
        pd,
        req.memory_type_bits,
        vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_VISIBLE | vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_COHERENT,
    )?;
    let ai = vk::MemoryAllocateInfo::default()
        .allocation_size(req.size)
        .memory_type_index(mt);
    let mem = unsafe { device.allocate_memory(&ai, None) }.map_err(|e| format!("mem: {e:?}"))?;
    unsafe {
        device.bind_buffer_memory(buf, mem, 0).expect("bind");
        let ptr = device
            .map_memory(mem, 0, size, vk::MemoryMapFlags::default())
            .expect("map");
        std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(data.as_ptr() as *const u8, ptr as *mut u8, size as usize);
        device.unmap_memory(mem);
    }
    Ok((buf, mem))
}

fn create_vertex_index_buffers(
    device: &ash::Device,
    instance: &ash::Instance,
    pd: vk::PhysicalDevice,
) -> Result<(vk::Buffer, vk::DeviceMemory, vk::Buffer, vk::DeviceMemory), String> {
    let verts: [f32; 8] = [0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0];
    let indices: [u16; 6] = [0, 1, 2, 1, 3, 2];
    let (vb, vm) = create_buffer_with_data(
        device,
        instance,
        pd,
        &verts,
        vk::BufferUsageFlags::VERTEX_BUFFER,
    )?;
    let (ib, im) = create_buffer_with_data(
        device,
        instance,
        pd,
        &indices,
        vk::BufferUsageFlags::INDEX_BUFFER,
    )?;
    Ok((vb, vm, ib, im))
}

fn create_atlas_texture(
    device: &ash::Device,
    instance: &ash::Instance,
    pd: vk::PhysicalDevice,
    queue: &vk::Queue,
    pool: vk::CommandPool,
) -> Result<
    (
        vk::Image,
        vk::DeviceMemory,
        vk::ImageView,
        vk::Sampler,
        [(f32, f32, f32, f32); 128],
    ),
    String,
> {
    let font_bytes: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../../assets/DejaVuSansMono.ttf");
    let font = Font::from_bytes(
        font_bytes,
        FontSettings {
            collection_index: 0,
            scale: CHAR_H as f32,
            load_substitutions: false,
        },
    )
    .expect("font");
    let mut atlas_data = vec![0u8; (ATLAS_W * ATLAS_H) as usize];
    let mut atlas_map = [(0.0f32, 0.0f32, 0.0f32, 0.0f32); 128];
    let chars: Vec<char> = " !\"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~?".chars().collect();
    for (i, &ch) in chars.iter().enumerate() {
        let col = i % ATLAS_COLS;
        let row = i / ATLAS_COLS;
        atlas_map[(ch as usize) & 127] = (
            (col as f32 * CHAR_W as f32) / ATLAS_W as f32,
            (row as f32 * CHAR_H as f32) / ATLAS_H as f32,
            CHAR_W as f32 / ATLAS_W as f32,
            CHAR_H as f32 / ATLAS_H as f32,
        );
        let (metrics, bitmap) = font.rasterize(ch, CHAR_H as f32);
        for y in 0..metrics.height.min(CHAR_H as usize) {
            for x in 0..metrics.width.min(CHAR_W as usize) {
                let a = bitmap[y * metrics.width + x];
                if a > 0 {
                    let px = (x as i32 + metrics.xmin).max(0) as usize;
                    let py = (y as i32 + CHAR_H as i32 - metrics.height as i32 - metrics.ymin)
                        .max(0) as usize;
                    if px < CHAR_W as usize && py < CHAR_H as usize {
                        atlas_data[(row * CHAR_H as usize + py) * ATLAS_W as usize
                            + col * CHAR_W as usize
                            + px] = a;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    let ii = vk::ImageCreateInfo::default()
        .image_type(vk::ImageType::TYPE_2D)
        .extent(vk::Extent3D {
            width: ATLAS_W,
            height: ATLAS_H,
            depth: 1,
        })
        .mip_levels(1)
        .array_layers(1)
        .format(vk::Format::R8_UNORM)
        .tiling(vk::ImageTiling::OPTIMAL)
        .initial_layout(vk::ImageLayout::UNDEFINED)
        .usage(vk::ImageUsageFlags::TRANSFER_DST | vk::ImageUsageFlags::SAMPLED)
        .samples(vk::SampleCountFlags::TYPE_1)
        .sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE);
    let image = unsafe { device.create_image(&ii, None) }.map_err(|e| format!("img: {e:?}"))?;
    let req = unsafe { device.get_image_memory_requirements(image) };
    let mt = find_mem_type(
        instance,
        pd,
        req.memory_type_bits,
        vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::DEVICE_LOCAL,
    )?;
    let mem = unsafe {
        device.allocate_memory(
            &vk::MemoryAllocateInfo::default()
                .allocation_size(req.size)
                .memory_type_index(mt),
            None,
        )
    }
    .map_err(|e| format!("img mem: {e:?}"))?;
    unsafe {
        device.bind_image_memory(image, mem, 0).expect("bind img");
    }

    // Staging
    let sz = atlas_data.len() as vk::DeviceSize;
    let sbi = vk::BufferCreateInfo::default()
        .size(sz)
        .usage(vk::BufferUsageFlags::TRANSFER_SRC)
        .sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE);
    let sbuf = unsafe { device.create_buffer(&sbi, None) }.expect("staging buf");
    let sreq = unsafe { device.get_buffer_memory_requirements(sbuf) };
    let smt = find_mem_type(
        instance,
        pd,
        sreq.memory_type_bits,
        vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_VISIBLE | vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_COHERENT,
    )?;
    let smem = unsafe {
        device.allocate_memory(
            &vk::MemoryAllocateInfo::default()
                .allocation_size(sreq.size)
                .memory_type_index(smt),
            None,
        )
    }
    .expect("staging mem");
    unsafe {
        device
            .bind_buffer_memory(sbuf, smem, 0)
            .expect("bind staging");
        let ptr = device
            .map_memory(smem, 0, sz, vk::MemoryMapFlags::default())
            .expect("map staging");
        std::ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(atlas_data.as_ptr(), ptr as *mut u8, atlas_data.len());
        device.unmap_memory(smem);
    }

    // Copy
    let cmd = unsafe {
        let c = device
            .allocate_command_buffers(
                &vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo::default()
                    .command_pool(pool)
                    .level(vk::CommandBufferLevel::PRIMARY)
                    .command_buffer_count(1),
            )
            .expect("alloc")[0];
        device
            .begin_command_buffer(
                c,
                &vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo::default()
                    .flags(vk::CommandBufferUsageFlags::ONE_TIME_SUBMIT),
            )
            .expect("begin");
        let b1 = vk::ImageMemoryBarrier::default()
            .old_layout(vk::ImageLayout::UNDEFINED)
            .new_layout(vk::ImageLayout::TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL)
            .src_queue_family_index(vk::QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED)
            .dst_queue_family_index(vk::QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED)
            .image(image)
            .subresource_range(vk::ImageSubresourceRange {
                aspect_mask: vk::ImageAspectFlags::COLOR,
                base_mip_level: 0,
                level_count: 1,
                base_array_layer: 0,
                layer_count: 1,
            })
            .src_access_mask(vk::AccessFlags::default())
            .dst_access_mask(vk::AccessFlags::TRANSFER_WRITE);
        device.cmd_pipeline_barrier(
            c,
            vk::PipelineStageFlags::TOP_OF_PIPE,
            vk::PipelineStageFlags::TRANSFER,
            vk::DependencyFlags::default(),
            &[],
            &[],
            std::slice::from_ref(&b1),
        );
        device.cmd_copy_buffer_to_image(
            c,
            sbuf,
            image,
            vk::ImageLayout::TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
            std::slice::from_ref(
                &vk::BufferImageCopy::default()
                    .buffer_row_length(ATLAS_W)
                    .buffer_image_height(ATLAS_H)
                    .image_subresource(vk::ImageSubresourceLayers {
                        aspect_mask: vk::ImageAspectFlags::COLOR,
                        mip_level: 0,
                        base_array_layer: 0,
                        layer_count: 1,
                    })
                    .image_extent(vk::Extent3D {
                        width: ATLAS_W,
                        height: ATLAS_H,
                        depth: 1,
                    }),
            ),
        );
        let b2 = vk::ImageMemoryBarrier::default()
            .old_layout(vk::ImageLayout::TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL)
            .new_layout(vk::ImageLayout::SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL)
            .src_queue_family_index(vk::QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED)
            .dst_queue_family_index(vk::QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED)
            .image(image)
            .subresource_range(vk::ImageSubresourceRange {
                aspect_mask: vk::ImageAspectFlags::COLOR,
                base_mip_level: 0,
                level_count: 1,
                base_array_layer: 0,
                layer_count: 1,
            })
            .src_access_mask(vk::AccessFlags::TRANSFER_WRITE)
            .dst_access_mask(vk::AccessFlags::SHADER_READ);
        device.cmd_pipeline_barrier(
            c,
            vk::PipelineStageFlags::TRANSFER,
            vk::PipelineStageFlags::FRAGMENT_SHADER,
            vk::DependencyFlags::default(),
            &[],
            &[],
            std::slice::from_ref(&b2),
        );
        device.end_command_buffer(c).expect("end");
        let si = vk::SubmitInfo::default().command_buffers(std::slice::from_ref(&c));
        device
            .queue_submit(*queue, std::slice::from_ref(&si), vk::Fence::null())
            .expect("submit");
        device.queue_wait_idle(*queue).expect("wait");
        c
    };
    unsafe {
        device.free_command_buffers(pool, &[cmd]);
        device.destroy_buffer(sbuf, None);
        device.free_memory(smem, None);
    }

    let vi = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo::default()
        .image(image)
        .view_type(vk::ImageViewType::TYPE_2D)
        .format(vk::Format::R8_UNORM)
        .subresource_range(vk::ImageSubresourceRange {
            aspect_mask: vk::ImageAspectFlags::COLOR,
            base_mip_level: 0,
            level_count: 1,
            base_array_layer: 0,
            layer_count: 1,
        });
    let view = unsafe { device.create_image_view(&vi, None) }.expect("atlas view");
    let si = vk::SamplerCreateInfo::default()
        .mag_filter(vk::Filter::LINEAR)
        .min_filter(vk::Filter::LINEAR)
        .address_mode_u(vk::SamplerAddressMode::CLAMP_TO_EDGE)
        .address_mode_v(vk::SamplerAddressMode::CLAMP_TO_EDGE)
        .address_mode_w(vk::SamplerAddressMode::CLAMP_TO_EDGE)
        .border_color(vk::BorderColor::INT_OPAQUE_BLACK)
        .unnormalized_coordinates(false);
    let sampler = unsafe { device.create_sampler(&si, None) }.expect("sampler");
    Ok((image, mem, view, sampler, atlas_map))
}

fn create_instance_buffer(
    device: &ash::Device,
    instance: &ash::Instance,
    pd: vk::PhysicalDevice,
    count: usize,
) -> Result<(vk::Buffer, vk::DeviceMemory, *mut CellInstance), String> {
    let sz = (count * std::mem::size_of::<CellInstance>()) as vk::DeviceSize;
    let bi = vk::BufferCreateInfo::default()
        .size(sz)
        .usage(vk::BufferUsageFlags::VERTEX_BUFFER)
        .sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE);
    let buf = unsafe { device.create_buffer(&bi, None) }.map_err(|e| format!("inst buf: {e:?}"))?;
    let req = unsafe { device.get_buffer_memory_requirements(buf) };
    let mt = find_mem_type(
        instance,
        pd,
        req.memory_type_bits,
        vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_VISIBLE | vk::MemoryPropertyFlags::HOST_COHERENT,
    )?;
    let mem = unsafe {
        device.allocate_memory(
            &vk::MemoryAllocateInfo::default()
                .allocation_size(req.size)
                .memory_type_index(mt),
            None,
        )
    }
    .map_err(|e| format!("inst mem: {e:?}"))?;
    unsafe {
        device.bind_buffer_memory(buf, mem, 0).expect("bind inst");
        let ptr = device
            .map_memory(mem, 0, sz, vk::MemoryMapFlags::default())
            .expect("map inst");
        Ok((buf, mem, ptr as *mut CellInstance))
    }
}

fn update_descriptor_set(
    device: &ash::Device,
    set: vk::DescriptorSet,
    view: vk::ImageView,
    sampler: vk::Sampler,
    grid_buffer: vk::Buffer,
    light_buffer: vk::Buffer,
) {
    let ii = vk::DescriptorImageInfo::default()
        .image_layout(vk::ImageLayout::SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL)
        .image_view(view)
        .sampler(sampler);
    let bi = vk::DescriptorBufferInfo::default()
        .buffer(grid_buffer)
        .offset(0)
        .range((WORLD_W * WORLD_H * std::mem::size_of::<u32>()) as vk::DeviceSize);
    let li = vk::DescriptorBufferInfo::default()
        .buffer(light_buffer)
        .offset(0)
        .range((MAX_LIGHT_SOURCES * std::mem::size_of::<GpuLightSource>()) as vk::DeviceSize);
    let writes = [
        vk::WriteDescriptorSet::default()
            .dst_set(set)
            .dst_binding(0)
            .descriptor_type(vk::DescriptorType::COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER)
            .image_info(std::slice::from_ref(&ii)),
        vk::WriteDescriptorSet::default()
            .dst_set(set)
            .dst_binding(1)
            .descriptor_type(vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER)
            .buffer_info(std::slice::from_ref(&bi)),
        vk::WriteDescriptorSet::default()
            .dst_set(set)
            .dst_binding(2)
            .descriptor_type(vk::DescriptorType::STORAGE_BUFFER)
            .buffer_info(std::slice::from_ref(&li)),
    ];
    unsafe {
        device.update_descriptor_sets(&writes, &[]);
    }
}