feat: Step 2 colored triangle with Vulkan graphics pipeline

.gitignore

@@ -24,3 +24,4 @@ Thumbs.db
 !*.csproj
 !*.sln
 !launchSettings.json
+.playwright-mcp/

src/CortexEngine.App/Program.cs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ class Program
 {
     static void Main(string[] args)
     {
-        Console.WriteLine("Cortex Engine Step 1 — Starting up...");
+        Console.WriteLine("Cortex Engine Step 2 — Starting up...");
 
         try
         {
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class Program
             var input = new InputMapping();
             using var vulkan = new VulkanContext(window, enableValidation: true);
             using var swapchain = new Swapchain(vulkan);
-            using var renderer = new ClearRenderer(vulkan, swapchain);
+            using var renderer = new TriangleRenderer(vulkan, swapchain);
 
             var frames = 0;
             var lastFpsTime = 0.0;
@@ -30,13 +30,7 @@ class Program
                 // Note: SDL events are already polled in PumpEvents.
                 // In a real engine, the window would expose an event iterator.
 
-                // Animate clear color over time.
+                renderer.RenderFrame();
-                var t = (float)timing.TotalTime;
-                var r = MathF.Sin(t * 0.5f) * 0.5f + 0.5f;
-                var g = MathF.Sin(t * 0.7f + 2.0f) * 0.5f + 0.5f;
-                var b = MathF.Sin(t * 0.9f + 4.0f) * 0.5f + 0.5f;
-
-                renderer.RenderFrame(r, g, b);
 
                 frames++;
                 if (timing.TotalTime - lastFpsTime >= 1.0)

src/Engine.Graphics/ClearRenderer.cs

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@ public sealed unsafe class ClearRenderer : IDisposable
     private readonly VulkanContext _context;
     private readonly Swapchain _swapchain;
     private VkCommandPool _commandPool;
-    private VkCommandBuffer[] _commandBuffers;
+    private VkCommandBuffer[] _commandBuffers = null!;
-    private VkSemaphore[] _imageAvailableSemaphores;
+    private VkSemaphore[] _imageAvailableSemaphores = null!;
-    private VkSemaphore[] _renderFinishedSemaphores;
+    private VkSemaphore[] _renderFinishedSemaphores = null!;
-    private VkFence[] _inFlightFences;
+    private VkFence[] _inFlightFences = null!;
     private int _currentFrame;
 
     public ClearRenderer(VulkanContext context, Swapchain swapchain)

src/Engine.Graphics/Engine.Graphics.csproj

@@ -21,6 +21,10 @@
     <PackageReference Include="Vortice.Vulkan" Version="3.2.3" />
   </ItemGroup>
 
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <EmbeddedResource Include="Shaders\*.spv" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
   <ItemGroup>
     <ProjectReference Include="..\Engine.Core\Engine.Core.csproj" />
   </ItemGroup>

src/Engine.Graphics/ShaderLoader.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Reflection;
+
+namespace Engine.Graphics;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Loads SPIR-V shader bytecode embedded in the assembly.
+/// </summary>
+public static class ShaderLoader
+{
+    public static byte[] Load(string name)
+    {
+        var assembly = Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly();
+        var resourceName = $"Engine.Graphics.Shaders.{name}";
+
+        using var stream = assembly.GetManifestResourceStream(resourceName)
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException($"Embedded shader resource not found: {resourceName}");
+
+        using var memory = new MemoryStream();
+        stream.CopyTo(memory);
+        return memory.ToArray();
+    }
+}

src/Engine.Graphics/Swapchain.cs

@@ -12,9 +12,9 @@ public sealed unsafe class Swapchain : IDisposable
     private readonly VulkanContext _context;
     private VkRenderPass _renderPass;
     private VkSwapchainKHR _swapchain;
-    private VkImage[] _images;
+    private VkImage[] _images = null!;
-    private VkImageView[] _imageViews;
+    private VkImageView[] _imageViews = null!;
-    private VkFramebuffer[] _framebuffers;
+    private VkFramebuffer[] _framebuffers = null!;
     private VkSurfaceFormatKHR _surfaceFormat;
     private VkPresentModeKHR _presentMode;
     private VkExtent2D _extent;

src/Engine.Graphics/TriangleRenderer.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+using System;
+using Vortice.Vulkan;
+
+namespace Engine.Graphics;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Renders a colored triangle using a vertex buffer and a simple graphics pipeline.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed unsafe class TriangleRenderer : IDisposable
+{
+    private readonly VulkanContext _context;
+    private readonly Swapchain _swapchain;
+    private readonly VulkanPipeline _pipeline;
+    private readonly VertexBuffer _vertexBuffer;
+    private VkCommandPool _commandPool;
+    private VkCommandBuffer[] _commandBuffers = null!;
+    private VkSemaphore[] _imageAvailableSemaphores = null!;
+    private VkSemaphore[] _renderFinishedSemaphores = null!;
+    private VkFence[] _inFlightFences = null!;
+    private int _currentFrame;
+
+    public TriangleRenderer(VulkanContext context, Swapchain swapchain)
+    {
+        _context = context;
+        _swapchain = swapchain;
+
+        _pipeline = new VulkanPipeline(context, swapchain);
+        _vertexBuffer = CreateTriangleBuffer();
+
+        CreateCommandPool();
+        CreateCommandBuffers();
+        CreateSyncObjects();
+    }
+
+    private VertexBuffer CreateTriangleBuffer()
+    {
+        var vertices = new[]
+        {
+            // Position (vec2) + Color (vec3)
+             0.0f, -0.5f,  1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
+             0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f,
+            -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f
+        };
+
+        var bytes = new byte[vertices.Length * sizeof(float)];
+        fixed (byte* p = bytes)
+        fixed (float* v = vertices)
+        {
+            Buffer.MemoryCopy(v, p, bytes.Length, vertices.Length * sizeof(float));
+        }
+
+        return new VertexBuffer(_context, bytes);
+    }
+
+    private void CreateCommandPool()
+    {
+        var createInfo = new VkCommandPoolCreateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.CommandPoolCreateInfo,
+            queueFamilyIndex = _context.GraphicsFamilyIndex,
+            flags = VkCommandPoolCreateFlags.ResetCommandBuffer
+        };
+
+        var result = _context.DeviceApi.vkCreateCommandPool(&createInfo, null, out _commandPool);
+        if (result != VkResult.Success)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreateCommandPool failed: {result}");
+    }
+
+    private void CreateCommandBuffers()
+    {
+        _commandBuffers = new VkCommandBuffer[2];
+        for (var i = 0; i < _commandBuffers.Length; i++)
+        {
+            var allocInfo = new VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo
+            {
+                sType = VkStructureType.CommandBufferAllocateInfo,
+                commandPool = _commandPool,
+                level = VkCommandBufferLevel.Primary,
+                commandBufferCount = 1
+            };
+
+            var result = _context.DeviceApi.vkAllocateCommandBuffer(&allocInfo, out _commandBuffers[i]);
+            if (result != VkResult.Success)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkAllocateCommandBuffers failed: {result}");
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void CreateSyncObjects()
+    {
+        _imageAvailableSemaphores = new VkSemaphore[2];
+        _renderFinishedSemaphores = new VkSemaphore[2];
+        _inFlightFences = new VkFence[2];
+
+        var semaphoreInfo = new VkSemaphoreCreateInfo { sType = VkStructureType.SemaphoreCreateInfo };
+        var fenceInfo = new VkFenceCreateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.FenceCreateInfo,
+            flags = VkFenceCreateFlags.Signaled
+        };
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < 2; i++)
+        {
+            _context.DeviceApi.vkCreateSemaphore(&semaphoreInfo, null, out _imageAvailableSemaphores[i]);
+            _context.DeviceApi.vkCreateSemaphore(&semaphoreInfo, null, out _renderFinishedSemaphores[i]);
+            _context.DeviceApi.vkCreateFence(&fenceInfo, null, out _inFlightFences[i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public void RenderFrame()
+    {
+        var frame = _currentFrame % 2;
+
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkWaitForFences(_inFlightFences[frame], true, ulong.MaxValue);
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkResetFences(_inFlightFences[frame]);
+
+        var result = _context.DeviceApi.vkAcquireNextImageKHR(
+            _swapchain.Handle,
+            ulong.MaxValue,
+            _imageAvailableSemaphores[frame],
+            VkFence.Null,
+            out var imageIndex);
+
+        if (result == VkResult.ErrorOutOfDateKHR)
+            return;
+
+        var cmd = _commandBuffers[frame];
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkResetCommandBuffer(cmd, VkCommandBufferResetFlags.None);
+
+        var beginInfo = new VkCommandBufferBeginInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.CommandBufferBeginInfo,
+            flags = VkCommandBufferUsageFlags.OneTimeSubmit
+        };
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkBeginCommandBuffer(cmd, &beginInfo);
+
+        var clearColor = new VkClearValue(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);
+
+        var renderPassInfo = new VkRenderPassBeginInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.RenderPassBeginInfo,
+            renderPass = _swapchain.RenderPass,
+            framebuffer = _swapchain.Framebuffers[imageIndex],
+            renderArea = new VkRect2D(0, 0, _swapchain.Extent.width, _swapchain.Extent.height),
+            clearValueCount = 1,
+            pClearValues = &clearColor
+        };
+
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkCmdBeginRenderPass(cmd, &renderPassInfo, VkSubpassContents.Inline);
+
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkCmdBindPipeline(cmd, VkPipelineBindPoint.Graphics, _pipeline.Handle);
+
+        var viewport = new VkViewport(0, 0, _swapchain.Extent.width, _swapchain.Extent.height, 0, 1);
+        var scissor = new VkRect2D(0, 0, _swapchain.Extent.width, _swapchain.Extent.height);
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkCmdSetViewport(cmd, 0, viewport);
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkCmdSetScissor(cmd, 0, scissor);
+
+        var vertexBuffer = _vertexBuffer.Buffer;
+        var offset = 0ul;
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(cmd, 0, 1, &vertexBuffer, &offset);
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkCmdDraw(cmd, 3, 1, 0, 0);
+
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkCmdEndRenderPass(cmd);
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkEndCommandBuffer(cmd);
+
+        var waitSemaphore = _imageAvailableSemaphores[frame];
+        var signalSemaphore = _renderFinishedSemaphores[frame];
+        var stageMask = VkPipelineStageFlags.ColorAttachmentOutput;
+        var submitInfo = new VkSubmitInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.SubmitInfo,
+            waitSemaphoreCount = 1,
+            pWaitSemaphores = &waitSemaphore,
+            pWaitDstStageMask = &stageMask,
+            commandBufferCount = 1,
+            pCommandBuffers = &cmd,
+            signalSemaphoreCount = 1,
+            pSignalSemaphores = &signalSemaphore
+        };
+
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkQueueSubmit(_context.GraphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, _inFlightFences[frame]);
+
+        var swapchain = _swapchain.Handle;
+        var presentInfo = new VkPresentInfoKHR
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.PresentInfoKHR,
+            waitSemaphoreCount = 1,
+            pWaitSemaphores = &signalSemaphore,
+            swapchainCount = 1,
+            pSwapchains = &swapchain,
+            pImageIndices = &imageIndex
+        };
+
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkQueuePresentKHR(_context.PresentQueue, &presentInfo);
+        _currentFrame++;
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkDeviceWaitIdle();
+
+        for (var i = 0; i < 2; i++)
+        {
+            if (_renderFinishedSemaphores[i] != VkSemaphore.Null)
+                _context.DeviceApi.vkDestroySemaphore(_renderFinishedSemaphores[i]);
+            if (_imageAvailableSemaphores[i] != VkSemaphore.Null)
+                _context.DeviceApi.vkDestroySemaphore(_imageAvailableSemaphores[i]);
+            if (_inFlightFences[i] != VkFence.Null)
+                _context.DeviceApi.vkDestroyFence(_inFlightFences[i]);
+        }
+
+        if (_commandPool != VkCommandPool.Null)
+            _context.DeviceApi.vkDestroyCommandPool(_commandPool);
+
+        _vertexBuffer.Dispose();
+        _pipeline.Dispose();
+    }
+}

src/Engine.Graphics/VertexBuffer.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+using System;
+using Vortice.Vulkan;
+
+namespace Engine.Graphics;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Interleaved vertex: vec2 position + vec3 color.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed unsafe class VertexBuffer : IDisposable
+{
+    private readonly VulkanContext _context;
+    public VkBuffer Buffer { get; }
+    public VkDeviceMemory Memory { get; }
+    public ulong Size { get; }
+
+    public VertexBuffer(VulkanContext context, ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
+    {
+        _context = context;
+        Size = (ulong)data.Length;
+
+        Buffer = CreateBuffer(Size, VkBufferUsageFlags.VertexBuffer);
+        var memoryRequirements = GetMemoryRequirements(Buffer);
+        Memory = AllocateMemory(memoryRequirements, VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostVisible | VkMemoryPropertyFlags.HostCoherent);
+
+        var result = _context.DeviceApi.vkBindBufferMemory(Buffer, Memory, 0);
+        if (result != VkResult.Success)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkBindBufferMemory failed: {result}");
+
+        CopyData(data);
+    }
+
+    private VkBuffer CreateBuffer(ulong size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage)
+    {
+        var createInfo = new VkBufferCreateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.BufferCreateInfo,
+            size = size,
+            usage = usage,
+            sharingMode = VkSharingMode.Exclusive
+        };
+
+        var result = _context.DeviceApi.vkCreateBuffer(&createInfo, null, out var buffer);
+        if (result != VkResult.Success)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreateBuffer failed: {result}");
+        return buffer;
+    }
+
+    private VkMemoryRequirements GetMemoryRequirements(VkBuffer buffer)
+    {
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(buffer, out var requirements);
+        return requirements;
+    }
+
+    private VkDeviceMemory AllocateMemory(VkMemoryRequirements requirements, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties)
+    {
+        var memoryTypeIndex = FindMemoryType(requirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);
+        var allocateInfo = new VkMemoryAllocateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.MemoryAllocateInfo,
+            allocationSize = requirements.size,
+            memoryTypeIndex = memoryTypeIndex
+        };
+
+        var result = _context.DeviceApi.vkAllocateMemory(&allocateInfo, null, out var memory);
+        if (result != VkResult.Success)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkAllocateMemory failed: {result}");
+        return memory;
+    }
+
+    private uint FindMemoryType(uint typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties)
+    {
+        _context.InstanceApi.vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(_context.PhysicalDevice, out var memoryProperties);
+        for (var i = 0; i < memoryProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++)
+        {
+            if ((typeFilter & (1u << i)) != 0 &&
+                (memoryProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) == properties)
+            {
+                return (uint)i;
+            }
+        }
+        throw new InvalidOperationException("Failed to find suitable memory type.");
+    }
+
+    private void CopyData(ReadOnlySpan<byte> data)
+    {
+        void* mappedData;
+        var result = _context.DeviceApi.vkMapMemory(Memory, 0, Size, VkMemoryMapFlags.None, &mappedData);
+        if (result != VkResult.Success)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkMapMemory failed: {result}");
+
+        fixed (byte* src = data)
+        {
+            System.Buffer.MemoryCopy(src, mappedData, (long)Size, data.Length);
+        }
+
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkUnmapMemory(Memory);
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkDeviceWaitIdle();
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkDestroyBuffer(Buffer);
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkFreeMemory(Memory);
+    }
+}

src/Engine.Graphics/VulkanPipeline.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+using System;
+using Vortice.Vulkan;
+
+namespace Engine.Graphics;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// A simple graphics pipeline for a single vertex/fragment shader pair.
+/// Assumes a triangle with vec2 position + vec3 color per vertex.
+/// </summary>
+public sealed unsafe class VulkanPipeline : IDisposable
+{
+    private readonly VulkanContext _context;
+    private readonly Swapchain _swapchain;
+
+    public VkPipeline Handle { get; }
+    public VkPipelineLayout Layout { get; }
+    private readonly VkShaderModule _vertexModule;
+    private readonly VkShaderModule _fragmentModule;
+
+    public VulkanPipeline(VulkanContext context, Swapchain swapchain)
+    {
+        _context = context;
+        _swapchain = swapchain;
+
+        _vertexModule = CreateShaderModule("vertex.spv");
+        _fragmentModule = CreateShaderModule("fragment.spv");
+
+        Layout = CreatePipelineLayout();
+        Handle = CreateGraphicsPipeline();
+    }
+
+    private VkShaderModule CreateShaderModule(string resourceName)
+    {
+        var code = ShaderLoader.Load(resourceName);
+        if (code.Length % 4 != 0)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"Shader {resourceName} size is not a multiple of 4.");
+
+        fixed (byte* pCode = code)
+        {
+            var createInfo = new VkShaderModuleCreateInfo
+            {
+                sType = VkStructureType.ShaderModuleCreateInfo,
+                codeSize = (nuint)code.Length,
+                pCode = (uint*)pCode
+            };
+
+            var result = _context.DeviceApi.vkCreateShaderModule(&createInfo, null, out var module);
+            if (result != VkResult.Success)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreateShaderModule failed for {resourceName}: {result}");
+            return module;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private VkPipelineLayout CreatePipelineLayout()
+    {
+        var createInfo = new VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.PipelineLayoutCreateInfo,
+            setLayoutCount = 0,
+            pushConstantRangeCount = 0
+        };
+
+        var result = _context.DeviceApi.vkCreatePipelineLayout(&createInfo, null, out var layout);
+        if (result != VkResult.Success)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreatePipelineLayout failed: {result}");
+        return layout;
+    }
+
+    private VkPipeline CreateGraphicsPipeline()
+    {
+        var stages = new[]
+        {
+            new VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo
+            {
+                sType = VkStructureType.PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo,
+                stage = VkShaderStageFlags.Vertex,
+                module = _vertexModule,
+                pName = VkStringInterop.ConvertToUnmanaged("main")
+            },
+            new VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo
+            {
+                sType = VkStructureType.PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo,
+                stage = VkShaderStageFlags.Fragment,
+                module = _fragmentModule,
+                pName = VkStringInterop.ConvertToUnmanaged("main")
+            }
+        };
+
+        var bindingDescription = new VkVertexInputBindingDescription
+        {
+            binding = 0,
+            stride = (uint)(5 * sizeof(float)),
+            inputRate = VkVertexInputRate.Vertex
+        };
+
+        var attributeDescriptions = new[]
+        {
+            new VkVertexInputAttributeDescription
+            {
+                binding = 0,
+                location = 0,
+                format = VkFormat.R32G32Sfloat,
+                offset = 0
+            },
+            new VkVertexInputAttributeDescription
+            {
+                binding = 0,
+                location = 1,
+                format = VkFormat.R32G32B32Sfloat,
+                offset = (uint)(2 * sizeof(float))
+            }
+        };
+
+        VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo;
+        fixed (VkVertexInputAttributeDescription* pAttributes = attributeDescriptions)
+        {
+            vertexInputInfo = new VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo
+            {
+                sType = VkStructureType.PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo,
+                vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1,
+                pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription,
+                vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = (uint)attributeDescriptions.Length,
+                pVertexAttributeDescriptions = pAttributes
+            };
+        }
+
+        var inputAssembly = new VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo,
+            topology = VkPrimitiveTopology.TriangleList,
+            primitiveRestartEnable = false
+        };
+
+        var viewport = new VkViewport(0, 0, _swapchain.Extent.width, _swapchain.Extent.height, 0, 1);
+        var scissor = new VkRect2D(0, 0, _swapchain.Extent.width, _swapchain.Extent.height);
+
+        var viewportState = new VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo,
+            viewportCount = 1,
+            pViewports = &viewport,
+            scissorCount = 1,
+            pScissors = &scissor
+        };
+
+        var rasterizer = new VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo,
+            polygonMode = VkPolygonMode.Fill,
+            cullMode = VkCullModeFlags.None,
+            frontFace = VkFrontFace.Clockwise,
+            lineWidth = 1.0f
+        };
+
+        var multisampling = new VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo,
+            rasterizationSamples = VkSampleCountFlags.Count1,
+            sampleShadingEnable = false
+        };
+
+        var colorBlendAttachment = new VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState
+        {
+            colorWriteMask = VkColorComponentFlags.R | VkColorComponentFlags.G | VkColorComponentFlags.B | VkColorComponentFlags.A
+        };
+
+        var colorBlending = new VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo
+        {
+            sType = VkStructureType.PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo,
+            attachmentCount = 1,
+            pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment
+        };
+
+        var dynamicStates = new[] { VkDynamicState.Viewport, VkDynamicState.Scissor };
+        VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState;
+        fixed (VkDynamicState* pDynamic = dynamicStates)
+        {
+            dynamicState = new VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo
+            {
+                sType = VkStructureType.PipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo,
+                dynamicStateCount = (uint)dynamicStates.Length,
+                pDynamicStates = pDynamic
+            };
+        }
+
+        VkPipeline pipeline;
+        fixed (VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo* pStages = stages)
+        {
+            var createInfo = new VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo
+            {
+                sType = VkStructureType.GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo,
+                stageCount = (uint)stages.Length,
+                pStages = pStages,
+                pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo,
+                pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly,
+                pViewportState = &viewportState,
+                pRasterizationState = &rasterizer,
+                pMultisampleState = &multisampling,
+                pColorBlendState = &colorBlending,
+                pDynamicState = &dynamicState,
+                layout = Layout,
+                renderPass = _swapchain.RenderPass,
+                subpass = 0
+            };
+
+            var result = _context.DeviceApi.vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(VkPipelineCache.Null, 1, &createInfo, null, &pipeline);
+            if (result != VkResult.Success)
+                throw new InvalidOperationException($"vkCreateGraphicsPipelines failed: {result}");
+        }
+
+        VkStringInterop.Free(stages[0].pName);
+        VkStringInterop.Free(stages[1].pName);
+
+        return pipeline;
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkDeviceWaitIdle();
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkDestroyPipeline(Handle);
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkDestroyPipelineLayout(Layout);
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkDestroyShaderModule(_vertexModule);
+        _context.DeviceApi.vkDestroyShaderModule(_fragmentModule);
+    }
+}